Communication and Connectivity
This chapter delves into the intricate network of communication channels and connectivity protocols that enable AVs to interact with their environment, other vehicles, and infrastructural elements. We also look at the role of 5G networks and beyond in enabling the responsiveness and decision-making capabilities of autonomous vehicles. We give a brief overview of the current status of Vehicle-to-Vehicle (V2V) and the investments made in Vehicle-to-Everything (V2X). Download the full report below.
Vehicle Communication
To reach level 5 autonomy in dense urban areas, it is expected that vehicles must be able to communicate not only with other vehicles (V2V) they share the road with but also with infrastructure (V2I), pedestrians (V2P), cyclists (V2C), and more.
For autonomous vehicle OEMS, achieving V2X relies heavily on investment efforts from governments and technology providers. The rollout of V2V is more closely enabled by manufacturers who are responsible for the connectivity features and communication between vehicles on the road.
Our previous report provided detail on the two wireless technologies at the heart of V2V: dedicated short-range communications (DSRC) and cellular vehicle-to-everything (C-V2X). The question whether DSRC or C-V2X is the best choice and which will prevail remains within the industry that continues to evolve based on complex business models and regional standards. The split between OEMs regarding which technology to invest in may have negative effects on it reaching critical mass. For it to function effectively, enough vehicles on the road within a 300-meter radius of one another must have V2V installed.
Both DSRC and C-V2X technologies operate in the 5.9 GHz band. Although DSRC dominated, especially in the USA, as the standard in the earlier years of Connected Vehicle development up to 2019, in recent years C-V2X has started to be adopted by more and more car makers and transport authorities.
China, in particular, has invested heavily in C-V2X and in an integral part of intelligent transportation, Ford's C-V2X services have been successfully implemented in six cities in China this year. Its C-V2X system has been installed in over 330,000 production vehicles to date, with the cumulative number of users accessing Ford's C-V2X system in China has exceeded 36,000, with over 12,000 actual service users.59
In May, 2023, the US Federal Communications Commission (FCC) granted a joint waiver request to deploy cellular Vehicle to Everything (C-V2X) technology in the upper 20 MHz part of the 5.9 GHz band.
"The FCC decision to grant a waiver for C-V2X deployment is a major step forward in the efforts of roadway safety. The industry has said C-V2X is ready to deploy, now it is time to deploy." - Bryan Mulligan, President, Applied Information. May, 2023.
European administrations have designated the 5.9 GHz band for use by road Intelligent Transport Systems (ITS). As is common practice in Europe, the spectrum is designated on a technology neutral basis.
C-V2X is also backed by the influential 5G Automotive Association (5GAA), which has 36 automotive members, including some of the largest European, US and Asian OEMs such as Audi, BMW, Ford, GM, Hyundai, Mercedes Benz, Mitsubishi, Nissan, Volkswagen, and Volvo. It also includes leading Chinese car makers such as FAW and SAIC.
Over-the-Air (OTA) updates enable remote software updates for vehicles.68 This capability is crucial for ensuring the safety, reliability, and adaptability of AVs as they navigate evolving road conditions and regulatory requirements.69
OTA updates facilitate the deployment of critical security updates, safeguarding AVs from emerging cyber threats. Given the potentially catastrophic consequences of a security violation in AVs, the ability to promptly deliver security updates is very important. OTA updates enable manufacturers to respond swiftly to vulnerabilities, mitigating risks and improving the overall security of AVs.
There are two types of OTA updates: firmware over-the-air (FOTA) and software over-the-air (SOTA). SOTA updates are generally used to improve user interfaces and infotainment systems, while FOTA requires advanced technology for communication, cybersecurity, and memory storage to update.71
Tesla has long been the leader in this area - using OTA updates to fix small issues such as faulty tail lights to bigger updates that have enabled the Tesla Model 3 to have a quicker 0-60 time now than it had when it was first purchased. Other automakers are rapidly embracing the use of OTA. Recent research shows that installing OTA systems in passenger cars in China increased 31.8% from January to June 2023.
Volkswagen is already offering regular OTA updates for its ID range of BEVs. Hyundai, Kia, and Genesis’s next-generation of EV platforms will feature an integrated software controller for deeper integration and upgradeability.
Over the past three years, three have been hugely impactful advances in OTA updates that are paving the way for a future of software-defined vehicles (SDV). Key areas for advancement have been in making the updates faster and more reliable as well as for software developers to create products that OEMS can add quickly to their vehicles.
Qualcomm
Qualcomm is one of the companies enabling a softwaare drivn future. They have collaborated with automakers and launched the 4th generation Snapdragon Automotive Cockpit Platform in June 2023. The company has introduced the Qualcomm Car-to-Cloud Service for Snapdragon Automotive Cockpit Platforms and Snapdragon Automotive 4G and 5G Platforms. This integrated connected-car service aims to keep vehicle systems up to date, activate features flexibly, and unlock new revenue streams via OTA updates, on-demand feature activation, and pay-as-you-use services.
The service incorporates a Soft SKU capability for field-upgradeable chipsets, allowing for performance boosts, feature upgrades, and regional customization. Additionally, the Car-to-Cloud Service offers actionable analytics for personalized user experiences and supports a secure chipset-based solution for feature management.60
Airbiquity
Airbiquity is a prominent provider of OTA update solutions within the automotive sector. In September 2023, they announced their partnership with Tessolve. The two companies have pre-integrated Airbiquity’s OTAmatic® software management platform and LOGmatic™ data logging platform with Tessolve’s TERA family of devices to provide application gateways that can be easily integrated into vehicles. Combining their individual solutions will reduces the complexity, expense, and time required for original equipment manufacturers (OEMs) to evaluate, develop, and deploy sophisticated connected vehicles that include full-vehicle OTA software updates and flexible data logging.61
eSync Alliance
The eSync Alliance Initiative represents a collaborative effort involving multiple companies to advance OTA updates and diagnostics within automotive electronics. At its core, the eSync infrastructure presents a unified architecture, developed with application programming interfaces, to facilitate seamless data exchange between the cloud and end devices. This system enables safeguarding both safety and privacy through robust end-to-end cybersecurity measures and is crucial in the retrieval and management of diagnostic data, while also ensuring that software across various devices is consistently updated and fine-tuned.
In 2022, the eSync Alliance announced the inclusion of Asvin, a cybersecurity and software lifecycle management specialist, as a promoter member. To maintain the integrity of the software supply chain, Asvin has innovated a decentralized blockchain-based solution, employing distributed ledger technology. This approach ensures a solid framework to secure OTA updates and meticulously record all software alterations for both verification and regulatory adherence.
In 2023, the eSync Alliance, alongside Luxoft, a subsidiary of DXC Technology Company, declared Luxoft’s new status as an adopter member of the eSync Alliance. With its expertise in the field, Luxoft is well-positioned to assist car manufacturers in staying ahead in the race towards software-defined vehicles. Luxoft perceives the eSync Alliance's commitment to standardizing OTA updates and diagnostic solutions as a crucial step in alleviating the challenges associated with developing software-defined vehicles.
5G Connectivity
5G, the fifth generation of wireless technology, began rolling out in 2019 driven by the need for faster and more reliable wireless connectivity, data-intensive applications and services, and the anticipation of the IoT era, where countless devices and sensors would require low-latency, high-bandwidth connections.
5G's ultra-low latency and high-speed data transmission capabilities are indispensable for enabling real-time communication and data exchange among autonomous vehicles, infrastructure, and cloud-based systems. This facilitates instantaneous decision-making, enhanced situational awareness, and seamless coordination between vehicles and their environment. With 5G, autonomous vehicles can process extensive data from multiple sensors in real-time, significantly improving safety, efficiency, and responsiveness.
It is important to note that companies typically closely guard their latest advancements in this field, which makes it challenging to compile a comprehensive report on the precise evolution of 5G technology with an abundance of technical details. Nevertheless, relying on publicly available information, in this section we explore the advancements on 5G technologies for AV applications.
Innovations in 5G for AV Applications
Between 2020 and 2023, 5G technology has made remarkable strides, currently offering speeds that are up to 100 times faster than its predecessors.62 Novel 5G solutions enable quicker software updates directly to vehicles, reducing the necessity for extended service visits. This enhanced connectivity is pivotal in facilitating real-time communication with ultra-low latency between AVs, roadside infrastructure, and other vehicles. These solutions are further characterized by swift response times, with delays under 10 milliseconds.
By allowing more efficient utilization of frequencies, 5G accommodates a growing number of simultaneous users while reducing energy consumption. Furthermore, 5G networks are typically optimized to allocate dedicated slices of bandwidth for specific applications, ensuring the prioritization of safety-critical communications within AVs, even in congested network conditions.
Since 2020, 5G technology has significantly increased its support for Vehicle-to-Everything (V2X) communication, a technology pivotal for enhancing road safety and traffic efficiency, ultimately contributing to accident prevention and saving lives. Specifically, Cellular V2X (C-V2X) enables two-way communication, extends its range, and facilitates the sharing of sensor data via the cloud, all while achieving a remarkable reduction in data transmission delay, measuring less than four milliseconds, a critical factor in congested traffic scenarios.
In 2021, the 5G Automotive Association (5GAA) initiated creating a C-V2X test system for self-driving cars, demonstrating 5G's potential in enabling real-time vehicle communication for improved safety. In 2023, Qualcomm Technologies' collaboration with Jaguar Land Rover (JLR) aims to integrate the Snapdragon auto connectivity platform into JLR's luxury vehicles, incorporating 5G, Wi-Fi, and C-V2X technologies. These enhancements promise improved safety and the introduction of multimedia streaming, cloud gaming, and precise positioning.
Vehicles equipped with the Snapdragon Auto 5G Modem-RF are expected to be available by 2025, marking a significant step forward in the automotive industry's integration of 5G technology.
The V2X ecosystem.
5G has also enabled the shift of AI capabilities from the vehicle to mobile edge computing (MEC), reducing the need for onboard AI. The MEC and V2X software platforms identify the pedestrian and vehicle, sending a location-based alert and issuing a visual warning to the driver. 5G technology has also been important for developing digital twins, which play a crucial role in planning, asset monitoring, and predictive analytics.
Future Connectivity Standards
The future of AVs is poised to embrace the revolutionary capabilities of novel 6G and 7G technologies. Currently, there is active exploration and discussion surrounding the potential integration of these advanced wireless communication generations. Potential benefits include heightened connectivity, accelerated data speeds, reduced latency, and enhanced reliability.
While these advancements hold significant promise, concrete implementations and standardized frameworks are in the nascent stages of development. The overarching goal is to harness the power of these future wireless technologies to facilitate real-time communication, seamless data exchange between vehicles and infrastructure, and usher in transformative advancements in AV capabilities. Stay tuned for further developments as the industry progresses towards this exciting future.
Leadership Interviews
Interview with Mouser
Interview with Murata
Interview with MacroFab
Interview with Nexperia
Interview with SAE International
Interview with Autoware Foundation
Interview with NVIDIA
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