Continuously monitoring a person’s pulse can provide meaningful medical information, such as heart rate and, indirectly, blood pressure. However, pulse waves can vary dramatically from person to person and even within the same person at different times of day and during different activities. These variations make it difficult for current wearable pulse sensors to accurately record useful data, which is especially problematic for those with cardiovascular disease or high-risk factors for those diseases.&nbsp;To solve this problem, a team led by Penn State researchers looked first not to the future, but back — to principles of pulse monitoring in traditional Chinese medicine, first described more than 3,000 years ago. Using these principles, the researchers designed a pressure-sensing platform to identify the optimal pulse signal, which they combined with a machine learning model to also predict blood pressure. &nbsp;They published their results in <a href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/adma.202410312" target="_blank">Advanced Materials</a>. &nbsp;<img src="https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/wevolver-project-images/froala%2F1734481948963-240560-psn-larry-cheng.jpg" style="width: 100%px;" class="fr-fic fr-dib">“In traditional Chinese medicine, doctors would take the pulse at three positions on the wrist: cun, guan and chi,” said co-corresponding author <a href="https://www.esm.psu.edu/department/directory-detail-g.aspx?q=HUC24" target="_blank">Huanyu “Larry” Cheng</a>, the James L. Henderson, Jr. Memorial Associate Professor of Engineering Science and Mechanics at Penn State. “As they probed the wrist with three fingers at three locations, they would increase the pressure to measure the pulse from shallow to a bit deeper. This would give a more accurate reading of the pulse signals, regardless of if the person was having an active or sedentary day, for example.”&nbsp;Cheng said that they incorporated these two concepts, adaptive pressure and multiple locations on the wrist, into the design of a wearable health monitor. The researchers used 3D-printing to print a sensor array — one device with several sensors. This approach allows them to address the issue of data derived from a single point on the wrist and to better collect data from multiple places on the wrist and at several depths. &nbsp;“The sensor array is fully printed, both because that is less expensive than more traditional methods of assembling a sensor, and because then the sensor array is easier to manipulate, which makes it a better wearable device,” Cheng said, explaining that by fully printing the device, the researchers can rapidly prototype the individualized pressure sensor array. “The pressure sensor array also creates a 3D map of the pulse information across time.” &nbsp;The team then integrated the sensor array with a machine-learning model to accurately predict other health monitoring information, such as blood pressure, the researchers said.&nbsp;“With a machine learning algorithm, we can predict the blood pressure in terms of different values from systolic, diastolic and medium artery blood pressure, all from the 3D-pulse mapping,” said co-author Libo Gao, associate professor at Xiamen University.&nbsp;The researchers said they plan to continue developing their device, and its integration with machine learning, with the hope that the approach will help improve health care monitoring in the future.&nbsp;The other authors on the paper are Guirong Wu, Zengxing Zhang and Chenyang Xue, Xiamen University; Xikuan Zhang and Zekun Yang, the North University of China; Fei Lu and Xueli Nan, Shanxi University; and Xin Wang, of both Xiamen University and Shanxi University. &nbsp;This research was supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China, the National Natural Science Foundation of China, the Science and Technology on Vacuum Technology and Physics Laboratory Fund, the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities and the Xiaomi Young Talents Program/Xiaomi Foundation, Shenzhen Science and Technology Program.

A team led by Penn State researchers used principles of pulse monitoring in traditional Chinese medicine to design a pressure-sensing platform to identify the optimal pulse signal, which they combined with a machine learning model to also predict blood pressure.     Credit: Provided by Huanyu "Larry" Cheng. All Rights Reserved.

A team led by Penn State researchers looked first not to the future, but back — to principles of pulse monitoring in traditional Chinese medicine, first described more than 3,000 years ago.

Old wisdom meets new tech: Traditional Chinese medicine inspires pulse sensors

In the holiday movie The Grinch, makeup artists are reported to have spent several hours each day encasing Jim Carrey’s face with prosthetics to create the iconic grumpy, green-furred creature. Such elaborate prosthetics, often made possible by materials like silicone rubbers, may have now found an unexpected yet beneficial biomedical engineering application, according to a new study from Texas A&amp;M University.<a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-024-76652-y" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Published in the journal Scientific Reports</a>,&nbsp;researchers have created realistic, skin-like replicas made of Ecoflex, a type of silicone rubber that can potentially serve as a platform to evaluate risks of bacterial infections from intravenous catheters and test wearable sensors, among other biomedical applications. The study found that EcoFlex-based skin replicas can be engineered to mimic actual skin textures, wettability, and elasticity, simulating the conditions where bacteria grow and adhere.“We think that the material holds tremendous promise for studying infections at the insertion site due to bacteria that are naturally occurring on the skin,” said Majed Othman Althumayri, a graduate student in the Texas A&amp;M Department of Biomedical Engineering and primary author of the paper. “Our goal was to create a skin-like material with ingredients that can be purchased off the shelf. Ecoflex is not just easy to use, it can be cured quickly with minimum additional steps, making it very convenient.”&nbsp;There are roughly a million bacteria per square centimeter of human skin. The most common of them is Staphylococcus, particularly the species Staphylococcus epidermidis, which is considered a typical resident of the skin microbiome. Infections often happen when there is a cut, break or wound on the skin, allowing the bacteria to enter the bloodstream. In fact, a relatively common infection in hospitals comes from surgically inserting tubes or catheters into veins. Each year, around 80,000 catheter-related bloodstream infections happen in intensive care units alone, underscoring its public health significance in the United States.“We have been slow in finding solutions for preventing infections from intravenous catheters,” said Althumayri. “A reason could be that we lack good platforms to test new catheter designs or &nbsp;wearable biosensor technologies and train staff so that the number of infections can be reduced.”&nbsp;<img src="https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/wevolver-project-images/froala%2F1734481767784-News-BMEN-Hands3Long-16Dec2024.jpg" style="width: 100%px;" class="fr-fic fr-dib">Hand replica made of Ecoflex. | Image:&nbsp;<cite id="isPasted">Courtesy of Majed Othman Althumayri</cite>To address this gap, the researchers turned to Ecoflex 00-35, a fast-curing, biocompatible rubber used for various applications, including prosthetics for special effects. First, they created molds of common intravenous insertion sites, such as the elbows, hands and forearms. Then, by pouring Ecoflex into the molds that contained artificial bones and tubes acting as veins, the researchers created skin-like replicas.&nbsp;Next, the researchers tested if the Ecoflex skin replicas had properties that matched that of real skin. They measured the replicas’ wettability, bacterial adhesion and mechanical properties, such as elasticity and resilience. The researchers found that the Ecoflex models could replicate human skin roughness within a 7.5% error margin. Further, high-resolution imaging showed that bacteria could adhere to the skin replica and grow on it.&nbsp;Then, in a key experiment, the researchers simulated an intravenous catheter insertion into an Ecoflex hand replica that they created. This artificial hand effectively modeled phases of bacterial growth, showing promise that these replicas can be used for implementing infection control measures and improving the design of medical devices like catheters.However, the researchers noted that their current experiments do not entirely model real-world conditions.&nbsp;“Developing realistic skin models that can mimic the human skin is an important initial step,” said Dr. Hatice Ceylan Koydemir, corresponding author on the study and assistant professor in the Department of Biomedical Engineering with a research program housed within the Texas A&amp;M University Center for Remote Health Technologies and Systems. “But we think that incorporating additional elements, like body fluids and other clinically relevant situations, in future experiments will bolster our findings and further validate Ecoflex’s potential for medical applications.”Other contributors to the research include Azra Yaprak Tarman, a graduate student in the Department of Biomedical Engineering.This study was partly sponsored by the National Institute of General Medical Sciences (one of the National Institutes of Health), the Department of Defense Office of Naval Research and the National Science Foundation-funded&nbsp;<a href="https://tees.tamu.edu/research/initiatives/paths-up.html" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Engineering Research Center PATHS-UP</a>. Researchers also received additional support from the Department of Biomedical Engineering, the Center for Remote Health Technologies and Systems, the Texas A&amp;M Engineering Experiment Station, the AggieFab Nanofabrication Facility, and the Soft Matter Facility.

Graduate student Majed Othman Althumayri demonstrates an Ecoflex cast of his hand. | Image: Emily Oswald/Texas A&M Engineering

In a new study, Texas A&M researchers have used a skin-like material as a platform for investigating infections from intravenous catheters.

Prosthetic Material Could Help Reduce Infections from Intravenous Catheters

Producing Medical parts with a Metal 3D printerMetal 3D printing is opening new avenues in the medical field, particularly for producing custom implants and prosthetics with high precision. It enables the creation of complex structures, such as porous designs that support bone growth, which are difficult to achieve with traditional manufacturing techniques. Additionally, the use of materials like titanium, known for its strength and biocompatibility, makes 3D printing ideal for medical applications. The technology offers an efficient way to produce both custom and serial parts, supporting advancements in patient care through more personalized solutions. MDE prints medical devices with two One Click Metal systemsThe Italian medical device manufacturer <a href="https://www.mde-rd.com/en/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">MDE</a>, based in Brescia, Italy specializes in the production of medical devices and supports clients through the R&amp;D phase and prototyping. The company started with one <a href="https://oneclickmetal.com/boldseries/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">3D printing system</a> from One Click Metal to print medical devices and prototypes in stainless steel. Recently they invested in a second system. The second system is dedicated to titanium, and further enlarges MDE‘S capacities to produce high-quality medical-grade components.

The italian company MDE shows how they are using metal 3D printing in their daily business. 

Metal 3D printing in the medical field

A tiny, four-fingered “hand” folded from a single piece of DNA can pick up the virus that causes COVID-19 for highly sensitive rapid detection and can even block viral particles from entering cells to infect them, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign researchers report. Dubbed the NanoGripper, the nanorobotic hand also could be programmed to interact with other viruses or to recognize cell surface markers for targeted drug delivery, such as for cancer treatment.&nbsp;Led by <a href="https://bioengineering.illinois.edu/people/xingw">Xing Wang</a>, a professor of <a href="https://bioengineering.illinois.edu/">bioengineering</a> and of <a href="https://chemistry.illinois.edu/">chemistry</a> at the U. of I., the researchers describe their advance in the journal <a href="https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/scirobotics.adi2084">Science Robotics</a>.&nbsp;Inspired by the gripping power of the human hand and bird claws, the researchers designed the NanoGripper with four bendable fingers and a palm, all in one nanostructure folded from a single piece of DNA. Each finger has three joints, like a human finger, and the angle and degree of bending are determined by the design on the DNA scaffold.&nbsp;<img src="https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/wevolver-project-images/froala%2F1733792836250-232743.jpg" style="width: 100%px;" class="fr-fic fr-dib">Inspired by the human hand or bird claws, the NanoGripper has four fingers and a palm, all folded from one piece of DNA. Image courtesy of Xing Wang“We wanted to make a soft material, nanoscale robot with grabbing functions that never have been seen before, to interact with cells, viruses and other molecules for biomedical applications,” Wang said. “We are using DNA for its structural properties. It is strong, flexible and programmable. Yet even in the DNA origami field, this is novel in terms of the design principle. We fold one long strand of DNA back and forth to make all of the elements, both the static and moving pieces, in one step.”The fingers contain regions called DNA aptamers that are specially programmed to bind to molecular targets — the spike protein of the virus that causes COVID-19, for this first application ­— and trigger the fingers to bend to wrap around the target. On the opposite side, where the wrist would be, the NanoGripper can attach to a surface or other larger complex for biomedical applications such as sensing or drug delivery.&nbsp;To create a sensor to detect the COVID-19 virus, Wang’s team partnered with a group led by Illinois electrical and computer engineering professor <a href="https://ece.illinois.edu/about/directory/faculty/bcunning">Brian Cunningham</a>, who specializes in biosensing. They coupled the NanoGripper with a photonic crystal sensor platform to create a rapid, 30-minute COVID-19 test matching the sensitivity of the gold-standard qPCR molecular tests used by hospitals, which are more accurate than at-home tests but take much longer. &nbsp;&nbsp;“Our test is very fast and simple since we detect the intact virus directly,” Cunningham said. “When the virus is held in the NanoGripper’s hand, a fluorescent molecule is triggered to release light when illuminated by an LED or laser. When a large number of fluorescent molecules are concentrated upon a single virus, it becomes bright enough in our detection system to count each virus individually.”&nbsp;<img src="https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/wevolver-project-images/froala%2F1733792872784-232744.jpg" style="width: 100%px;" class="fr-fic fr-dib">The NanoGripper can be designed to detect a number of viruses or other molecules, or even for targeted drug delivery for cancer treatment, the researchers say. Pictured, from left: researcher Wei Hong, graduate student Linh Le, postdoctoral researcher Mengxi Zheng, Professor Xing Wang, Professor Brian Cunningham, graduate student Skye Shepherd, research fellow Tingjie Song and postdoctoral researcher Saurabh Umrao.In addition to diagnostics, the NanoGripper could have applications in preventive medicine by blocking viruses from entering and infecting cells, Wang said. The researchers found that when NanoGrippers were added to cell cultures that were then exposed to COVID-19, multiple grippers would wrap around the outside of the viruses. This blocked the viral spike proteins from interacting with receptors on the cells’ surface, preventing infection.&nbsp;“It would be very difficult to apply it after a person is infected, but there’s a way we could use it as a preventive therapeutic,” Wang said. “We could make an anti-viral nasal spray compound. The nose is the hot spot for respiratory viruses, like COVID or influenza. A nasal spray with the NanoGripper could prevent inhaled viruses from interacting with the cells in the nose.”&nbsp;<img src="https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/wevolver-project-images/froala%2F1733792895626-232746.png" style="width: 100%px;" class="fr-fic fr-dib">An artistic rendering of the NanoGripper’s applications. Sites on the gripper’s fingers recognize the spike protein of a virus, inset, and trigger fluorescent tags to emit light. When coupled with a sensor, individual viruses can be detected for a rapid COVID test, foreground. Alternately, the NanoGrippers can block viruses from entering cells by wrapping around the spike proteins, top right.The NanoGripper could easily be engineered to target other viruses, such as influenza, HIV or hepatitis B, Wang said. In addition, Wang envisions using the NaoGripper for targeted drug delivery. For example, the fingers could be programmed to identify specific cancer markers, and grippers could carry cancer-fighting treatments directly to the target cells.“This approach has bigger potential than the few examples we demonstrated in this work,” Wang said. “There are some adjustments we would have to make with the 3D structure, the stability and the targeting aptamers or nanobodies, but we’ve developed several techniques to do this in the lab. Of course it would require a lot of testing, but the potential applications for cancer treatment and the sensitivity achieved for diagnostic applications showcase the power of soft nanorobotics.” &nbsp;<hr>The National Institutes of Health and the National Science Foundation supported this work. Wang and Cunningham are affiliated with the <a href="https://www.igb.illinois.edu/">Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology</a> and the&nbsp;<a href="https://hmntl.illinois.edu/">Holonyak Micro and Nanotechnology Lab</a> at the U. of I.&nbsp;

Illinois researchers developed a nanorobotic hand made of DNA that can grab viruses for detection or inhibition. In this artist’s rendering, three “NanoGripper” hands wrap around a COVID-19 virus. Image courtesy of Xing Wang

A tiny, four-fingered “hand” folded from a single piece of DNA can pick up the virus that causes COVID-19 for highly sensitive rapid detection and can even block viral particles from entering cells to infect them, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign researchers report.

Nanorobot hand made of DNA grabs viruses for diagnostics and blocks cell entry

Photonic Integrated Circuits (PICs) are optical microchips that combine multiple optical functions to create an optical circuit. These chips can generate, manipulate, and detect light. Today, PICs are the backbone of high-speed internet as these chips offer high-speed optical connectivity with minimal energy consumption. There has been a growing interest in research and commercial applications for PICs for various markets, including medical technology (MedTech), as they offer compact optical solutions at a low cost when mass-produced.&nbsp;<h2 dir="ltr">Benefits for MedTech</h2>The most significant benefits of PICs for the development and deployment of innovative MedTech systems in healthcare include:<ul><li dir="ltr">High Sensitivity and Reliability: PIC-based biosensors exhibit high sensitivity and reliability. These features enable the deployment in areas such as point-of-care diagnostics, where accurate and rapid results are required for effective patient management.</li><li dir="ltr">Compactness and Miniaturization: PICs enable the development of compact and miniaturized devices, which is particularly advantageous for wearable health devices and lab-on-chip applications. This miniaturization results from the integration of complex optical functions into small form factor chips, which is key for the development of advanced diagnostic and monitoring technologies that are more user-friendly and more accessible.</li><li dir="ltr">Cost-Effectiveness: The integration of photonic components onto a single chip and ability to manufacture them on a large scale, significantly reduces the cost of a chip. Thus, use of PICs makes advanced medical technologies more affordable for widespread use.</li><li dir="ltr">Accelerated Performance: PICs offer improved performance characteristics such as low propagation losses, high power handling, and efficient integration of active components. These features are vital for the development, deployment and operation of high-performance imaging and sensing solutions in healthcare. The latter are enabling more precise diagnostics and better patient outcomes.</li><li dir="ltr">Versatility in Applications: PICs are very versatile and can be used in a wide range of MedTech applications, from biosensing and imaging to environmental monitoring in healthcare-related settings. This adaptability makes PICs capable of addressing diverse medical challenges.</li></ul>Overall, PICs are transforming MedTech based on innovative solutions that enhance the accuracy, efficiency, and accessibility of healthcare technologies. Their ability to integrate multiple functions into single microsystems and devices makes them suitable for a wide range of advanced medical diagnostics and treatment applications.<a href="https://www.wevolver.com/article/global-photonics-engineering-contest?utm_source=photon+delta&utm_medium=articles&utm_campaign=photonics"><img src="https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/wevolver-project-images/froala%2F1733744077828-photon+delta+-+NOW+LIVE+%281920+x+500+px%29.png" style="width: 100%px;" class="fr-fic fr-dib"></a><h2 dir="ltr">PIC-Enabled Transformative Applications in MedTech</h2>Some of the most prominent MedTech applications that are enabled by PICs include:<h3 dir="ltr">Advanced Diagnostics</h3>PICs are enhancing diagnostic capabilities through technologies like Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT), which is a contactless imaging technique that is used for examining living tissue. OCT is a very useful tool for medical diagnostics thanks to its non-invasive imaging capabilities, which enable high-resolution images of biological tissues. PICs can be used to miniaturize OCT systems, making them more accessible and portable for widespread clinical use. For instance, one of the popular applications of OCT is the detection of tumors or eye disorders. Existing OCT equipment is however costly and bulky in size, which prevents the adoption and use of the technology outside hospitals. PICs can alleviate this limitation based on a significant reduction of the size and cost of the devices. Specifically, PICs enable the development of handheld OCT probes, which are based on lasers and detectors that are directly integrated onto the photonic chip.&nbsp;<h3 dir="ltr">Wearable Health Devices</h3>The miniaturization and integration capabilities of PICs make them ideal for the development and integration of wearable health devices. These devices can continuously monitor vital signs such as heart rate, oxygen levels, and glucose levels with high precision. The compact nature of PICs allows for the development of lightweight and comfortable wearables that provide real-time health monitoring. Commercial companies have demonstrated &nbsp;PIC-enabled systems for spectroscopic breath analysis. It can reveal diseases or metabolic disorders based on the detection of trace gases like methane and nitric oxide. In this direction, laser-based absorption spectroscopy is used to combine high sensitivity and high temporal resolution. The miniaturization and mass production offered by PICs can adopt this spectroscopic technique into handheld devices. In this context, commercial companies are attempting to demonstrate a sensor that can be mounted in a smartwatch to enable the monitoring of a range of different biomarkers.&nbsp;<h3 dir="ltr">Point of Care (PoC) Diagnostics</h3>As already outlined, PIC-enabled biosensors can be very efficient in detecting pathogens based on the measurement of changes in the refractive index of their waveguides. The main advantage of such methods is that the resulting measurements can be very accurate. Moreover, based on such devices it is possible to detect different pathogens using a single chip with only a single sample. As a prominent example, <a href="https://www.phix.com/">PHIX</a> provides the packaging for a PoC diagnostics biosensing platform, which is enabled by a PIC that comprises Vertical-Cavity Surface-Emitting Lasers (VCSELs) and photodiodes. The latter are integrated within a Printed Circuit Board (PCB), along with protective layers. This packaging leads to a cost-effective disposable cartridge that can be integrated within a portable diagnostics device.As another example, <a href="https://bialoom.com/">Bialoom</a> integrates PICs in their proprietary silicon plasmo-photonic biosensor technology, which combines silicon photonics and plasmonics. This technology is used to create biochips embedded in disposable cartridges, designed for rapid and sensitive detection of biomarkers from blood samples. The primary application of Biabloom’s biochips is the diagnosis and treatment of severe infections, which provides a point-of-care diagnostic solution that enables quick and evidence-based medical decisions.<h3 dir="ltr">Optical Sensors in Minimally Invasive Surgeries&nbsp;</h3>Minimally invasive surgeries require precision and real-time feedback. PICs enable the development of sophisticated optical sensors that provide surgeons with critical information during procedures. For example, application-specific photonic integrated circuits (ASPICs) can offer haptic feedback to surgeons, which enhances their ability to perform delicate operations with greater accuracy.<img src="https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/wevolver-project-images/froala%2F1733744489308-robot+1.jpg" style="width: 100%px;" class="fr-fic fr-dib">The above-listed applications illustrate that the integration of PICs into MedTech goes beyond mere technological improvements. It enables a paradigm shift that is enabled by a combination of hardware, software and process related innovations (e.g., innovations in diagnostic operations). PIC-enabled solutions are more efficient, cost-effective, and scalable, which enables innovative healthcare solution integration.&nbsp;<h2 dir="ltr">Industry Leaders Insights on the Future of PIC-based MedTech&nbsp;</h2>Recent research initiatives have demonstrated the future of integrating PIC microsystems within MedTech devices and applications. For instance, Maarten Buijs, the CEO of <a href="https://www.surfixdx.com/">Surfix Diagnostics</a> envisions that <a href="https://www.phix.com/markets/medical-devices/">future photonic biochips will integrate both light sources and signal detectors to enable the next generation of point of care devices</a>.&nbsp;In the near future, PICs could be widely used to provide rapid laboratory testing results from simple samples (e.g., urine), which will boost timely diagnostics and more effective treatments. Likewise, PICs will reduce the cost of complexity of blood tests, which could transfer laboratory-level diagnostics at the point of care. As a prominent example, <a href="https://siphoxhealth.com/">SiPhox Health</a> has already developed a silicon photonic chip for <a href="https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/siphox-health-introduces-worlds-first-lab-quality-home-blood-testing-platform-at-ces-301714545.html">home-based blood testing</a>, which enables an innovative approach to providing high-quality blood test results quickly and efficiently at home. The company’s solution can measure up to fifty biomarkers from home, which enables patients to gain insights on their heart health, check for inflammation, and access information about the functioning of their thyroid, metabolism, and hormones.There are also PICs applications in biological research beyond PoC diagnostics. As a prominent example, <a href="https://www.imec-int.com/en/articles/integrated-photonics-guiding-light-next-gen-medtech-tools">IMEC highlights the use of silicon nitride-based photonic platforms in medical applications</a>. These platforms could get a boost by the integration of III-V light sources into photonic circuits, which will enable medical tools such as fluorescence microscopy used in DNA sequencing and biological research. Relevant research focuses on the use of photonics on chips to create light interference patterns for very high-resolution <a href="https://www.olympus-lifescience.com/en/microscope-resource/primer/lightandcolor/fluoroexcitation/">fluorescent excitation</a>.&nbsp;Overall, recent advances in PICs and their integration in MedTech applications demonstrate the potential of this technology to transform healthcare. Nowadays, almost 27 years after the development of the<a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0925400597802547">&nbsp;first SiN PIC-based sensing devices</a>, there is a growing number of PIC applications that are already transforming diagnostic tools, enhancing wearable devices, and improving surgical outcomes. Most importantly, the precision, size, cost-effectiveness and non-invasive operations advantage of the technology make it an enabler for a whole range of novel healthcare applications that are hardly possible nowadays. In the years to come, it is highly likely that PICs enable innovative applications beyond what is available today, which will further revolutionize healthcare delivery.<hr><h2>The Global Photonics Engineering Contest is now live!</h2>The Global Photonics Engineering Contest invites engineers, innovators, and startups to push the boundaries of Photonic Integrated Circuits (PIC) and create applications that address complex engineering challenges and push the boundaries of the industry. Whether you’re in semiconductors, data &amp; telecom, medtech, or agritech, we want to see your breakthrough idea that can harness the power of PICs to change the world.<a href="https://www.wevolver.com/article/global-photonics-engineering-contest?utm_source=photon+delta&utm_medium=articles&utm_campaign=photonics"><img src="https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/wevolver-project-images/froala%2F1733741315174-Untitled+%281920+x+500+px%29+%281%29.png" style="width: 100%px;" class="fr-fic fr-dib"></a><ul><li dir="ltr">Prize: €50,000 worth of services from the PhotonDelta ecosystem to to make your idea market-ready + a chance to receive up to €2 million in pre-seed funding.</li><li dir="ltr">Audience: Open to all engineers, researchers, OEMs, hardware manufacturers, startups/scale-ups, research teams, and students working on innovative PIC applications.</li><li dir="ltr">Early Bird Opportunity:&nbsp;All submissions received by 31st December 2024, will receive personalized feedback from PhotonDelta engineers.</li><li dir="ltr">End date: March 3rd 2025</li></ul><a href="https://www.wevolver.com/article/global-photonics-engineering-contest?utm_source=photon+delta&utm_medium=articles&utm_campaign=photonics" class="button-main-action">ENTER THE CHALLENGE NOW</a><hr>

There has been a growing interest in research and commercial applications for PICs for various markets, including medical technology (MedTech), as they offer compact optical solutions at a low cost when mass-produced. 


Unlocking the Power of Photonic Integrated Circuits in MedTech

Artificial intelligence (AI) is rapidly transforming healthcare by leveraging machine learning techniques to analyze medical images, patient data, and genetic information with unprecedented speed and accuracy, significantly improving early disease detection and enhancing diagnostic precision.


AI-Powered Health Diagnostics

In this episode, we explore a groundbreaking neurotechnology that boosts memory without the need for invasive surgery potentially helping people all over the world struggling with spatial memory.

Podcast: Non-invasive Memory Booster

Every year, roughly 1.2 million patients experience adverse outcomes associated with injectable medications, and these errors are estimated to cost about $5 billion. A team including a researcher from Carnegie Mellon University has developed the first wearable camera that uses artificial intelligence to help prevent such errors.“The goal of our system is to catch these drug administration errors in real-time, before the injection, and provide an alert so the clinician has a chance to intervene before any patient harm,” said Justin Chan, an assistant professor in the School of Computer Science’s <a href="https://s3d.cmu.edu/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Software and Societal Systems DepartmentOpens in new window</a> and the College of Engineering’s <a href="https://ece.cmu.edu/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Department of&nbsp;Electrical and Computer EngineeringOpens in new window</a>.In addition to Chan, the team included researchers from the University of Washington, Makerere University and the Toyota Research Institute.The error rate for all drugs given in a hospital is about 5 to 10 percent, and they can happen at all levels of care. To design the wearable camera system, researchers focused on training deep learning algorithms that could detect errors when a clinician transfers a drug from a vial into a syringe. These could be vial swap errors, which occur when the wrong vial is used or the drug label on the syringe is incorrect; or syringe swaps, when the label is correct but the clinician administers the wrong drug. To prevent errors, hospitals use safeguards like requiring barcode scanning for syringes, but in high-pressure situations, clinicians can forget to scan the drug’s barcode or manually record its contents.<blockquote>The goal of our system is to catch these drug administration errors in real-time, before the injection, and provide an alert so the clinician has a chance to intervene before any patient harm.<cite>Justin Chan, Assistant Professor, Electrical and Computer Engineering</cite></blockquote>In their study, <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41746-024-01295-2" rel="noopener" target="_blank">published in npj Digital MedicineOpens in new window</a>, researchers demonstrated how the AI-enabled wearable camera system could detect vial swap errors with a sensitivity of 99.6 percent and a specificity of 98.8 percent.Chan said creating the deep learning system to detect errors as they happen was challenging because syringes, vials and drug labels are small and clinicians can inadvertently obscure them when handling them. Researchers collected a large training dataset from different operating room environments with different backgrounds and lighting conditions. They collected footage using a small head-mounted camera strapped to physicians’ foreheads, and the camera was tilted down to film the providers’ hands. Over 55 days, they collected 4K video footage of drug preparation events from 13 anesthesiology providers and 17 operating rooms in two hospitals.“We designed the algorithm so that instead of reading the label text, which can be obscured, it only needs to catch a glimpse of visual cues like vial and syringe shape, label color, and font size for a short period of time to classify what the drug is,” Chan said.Now that researchers have shown the accuracy of the system, their next step is incorporating the system into smart eyewear that can provide visual or auditory warnings to clinicians before a drug is delivered to a patient.“This work demonstrates how AI-enabled systems can serve as a second set of ‘eyes’ to improve healthcare practices and patient safety,” Chan said. “When integrated into an electronic medical system, our system also opens up opportunities for automatic documentation of drug information and can reduce the overhead of manual record-keeping.”

Researchers develop the first wearable camera that uses artificial intelligence to help prevent medical administration errors.

A new set of eyes

<a href="https://www.cdc.gov/chronic-disease/about/index.html/" target="_blank">Six in 10</a> Americans are living with at least one chronic disease, and four in 10 Americans have two or more chronic diseases. Some of those diseases, such as hypothyroidism and inflammatory diseases, require individuals to carefully track certain blood tests in order to manage their conditions. Unfortunately, that usually means an onerous cycle of scheduling appointments, traveling to hospitals, and waiting for lab results.Now SiPhox Health is working to help patients and their doctors manage diseases from the comfort of their home with a new kind of blood test based on a silicon photonic chip. The system is the size of a coffee maker and can produce precise readings for 20 different biomarkers.The chip-based device is not yet FDA-cleared, so it is currently only being used for research purposes, but SiPhox also provides mail-in blood testing to thousands of people with chronic diseases, both directly and through other health care and wellness businesses, using approved technology. The company hopes its new system can soon deliver faster results to every home that needs it.“A lot of blood tests aren’t done because they're too inconvenient,” SiPhox founder and former MIT researcher Michael Dubrovsky says. “People skip scheduled blood tests, and physicians don’t always prescribe blood tests because they know it’s inconvenient. That requires them to base their decisions on symptoms, and that’s not optimal for many of these chronic diseases.”Dubrovsky and SiPhox co-founder Diedrik Vermeulen met at MIT while researching photonic chip and laser technology. They see SiPhox’s technology as the latest in a long trend toward smaller and more scalable devices as they are condensed onto integrated chips.“Biolabs typically do blood testing with these large instruments that are full of optics, lasers, lenses, mirrors, and all these very expensive features,” Vermeulen says. “We don’t change any of the main features. We leave all the optics the same, but we miniaturize it onto our chips and make it so scalable that you can ship it to homes. It’s like how computers used to be the size of a room and you could only find them in high-end universities — now they’re all on a chip. We’re doing the same for blood testing.”<img src="https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/wevolver-project-images/froala%2F1731976955976-MIT-SiPhox-03-press.jpg" style="width: 100%px;" class="fr-fic fr-dib">"We can offer a new way for people to access health care in their home," Vermeulen says. Pictured is an example of the package sent to clients. Image: Courtesy of SiPhox Health<h2>Photonic chips with electric properties</h2>Dubrovsky and Vermeulen met through the MIT ecosystem in 2019. Vermeulen had worked in MIT’s Silicon Photonics Group within the Research Laboratory of Electronics and Dubrovsky was working in the MIT Materials for Micro and Nano Systems group.The two quickly bonded over a new way to approach optical chips.“We had this idea of doing optical chips more like a printed circuit board,” Vermeulen explains. “Electrical chips incorporate a lot of chips on one circuit board, but optical chips typically do everything with a single chip. We wanted to combine optical chips into a new kind of circuit board.”The founders met regularly in the Martin Trust Center for MIT Entrepreneurship to refine their approach. In February of 2020, they started filing patents and receiving guidance from MIT professors. They also entered the START.nano program, which helps early-stage companies accelerate their innovations by giving them access to MIT.nano’s laboratories and equipment.The same lasers that are used to mass produce traditional silicon chips can be used to manufacture SiPhox’s integrated photonic silicon chips. Each 1-millimeter chip contains lenses, polarizers, modulators, splitters, and other optical components you’d see in a traditional lab-based system, but SiPhox’s chips are cheap enough to be single-use.Just as the founders were deciding on the first application for their new chip, the Covid-19 pandemic hit. They took that as a sign.“We decided to focus on biosensing, with one of our chips being disposable and the other one being reusable,” Vermeulen says.The founders worked to detect infectious disease with their chips but realized the technology was better suited for high-fidelity blood testing.“I worked a lot on tunable lasers at MIT, and we use a slightly different approach to lasers at SiPhox,” Vermeulen says. “We applied all of the lessons we learned at MIT to design something from scratch.”SiPhox’s chip testing system works with third-party arm patches that people already use to collect blood samples at home. Dubrovsky likens the system to a Nespresso machine in which users simply place a pod into the machine and press a button. Each of SiPhox’s disposable cartridges contains an array of photonic immunoassay sensors that can be used to detect specific proteins or hormones.The system includes a dashboard that can be viewed by a physician or the patient themselves to get biomarker data at home. The dashboard also provides historic data and educational content about the biomarkers measured. SiPhox also uses large language models to parse third-party blood test data, allowing users to track traditional blood tests in the same dashboard.Because the approach makes use of semiconductor lasers and silicon chips, the founders say a single traditional chip manufacturing facility, or fab, could produce 1 billion of SiPhox’s chips every month.“Our technology is very scalable because it’s all on a chip,” Vermeulen says. “There are only two ways to really scale something: You can do injection molding; that’s how you produce billions of plastic cups, for instance. But if you want to scale something very complex, you have to put it on a silicon chip.”<h2>A platform for health</h2>The founders believe their technology could enable a world where tracking biomarkers is as easy as brushing your teeth. That would have huge implications for the tens of millions of Americans who need to get regular blood tests to manage chronic diseases.“For people with inflammatory diseases, tracking inflammation levels is very important because they can develop resistance to their medicine,” Dubrovsky says. “Once they experience symptoms of a flare-up, it’s very hard to reverse. And these symptoms can be horrible, so catching it early is really important.”To gain FDA clearance, SiPhox plans to begin studies in coming months, but its system’s accuracy has already been validated by third parties, and the company’s Burlington, Massachusetts, facility is capable of manufacturing about 10,000 of its cartridges per month.Once SiPhox gains FDA clearance, it plans to partner with health care systems, health insurers, employers, and mail-in blood testing companies to help people everywhere track their health.“We can offer a new way for people to access health care in their home,” Vermeulen says. “Once they have our blood testing device, whether for a chronic disease or something else, anytime they want telehealth-enabled by blood testing, they can use our device, similar to how Apple users have access to third-party apps from many different service providers. Siphox users will have access to curated third-party services built on top of the core blood testing capability.”

SiPhox Health is working to help patients and their doctors manage diseases from the comfort of their home with a new kind of blood test based on a silicon photonic chip. Image: Courtesy of SiPhox Health

The startup SiPhox, founded by two former MIT researchers, has developed an integrated photonic chip for high-quality, home-based blood testing.

Bringing lab testing to the home

Did you know that injection molding is transforming the medical device industry? This advanced process empowers designers to create high-quality and cost-effective products, ranging from common medical items to highly regulated devices. As products move through various stages of development—from initial prototyping to full-scale production—they must consistently meet stringent compliance, safety, and functionality standards. This ensures that each medical device aligns with critical industry requirements at every step.If you’re considering taking the next step in medical injection molding, this article will guide you through 4 key considerations in medical injection molding, from understanding device classifications and regulations to selecting suitable materials and preparing your design.<h2 dir="ltr">Key Considerations in Medical Injection Molding</h2><h3 dir="ltr">1. Regulatory Compliance: Meeting Corresponding Standards</h3>&nbsp;Food and Drug Administration (FDA) guidelines in the U.S. mandate rigorous tracking and documentation at every production stage to guarantee the traceability of each component. Meanwhile, Medical Device Regulation (MDR) standards in the EU emphasize consistent product safety across the device’s entire lifecycle, pushing manufacturers to follow stringent standards.Medical devices are divided into three classifications, by both FDA and MDR, based on associated risk, each with specific regulatory requirements:Class I Medical Devices: These low-risk devices pose minimal harm to users, often including items like bandages, gloves, and hand-held surgical instruments. Regulatory requirements are relatively basic, focusing mainly on general safety and quality.Class II Medical Devices: Moderate-risk devices, such as syringes, infusion pumps, and diagnostic equipment, require additional regulatory controls. These may involve special labeling, performance standards, and post-market supervision.Class III Medical Devices: High-risk devices, including pacemakers, defibrillators, and implants, require the highest level of regulatory supervision. This includes rigorous premarket approval, extensive testing, and clinical trials to confirm safety and effectiveness.For instance, a diagnostic device used for detecting infectious diseases needs each plastic component to withstand various sterilization processes without degrading or releasing harmful substances. Even minor contamination could compromise the device’s accuracy or pose risks to patients, underscoring the importance of these strict regulatory standards. Ensuring regulatory compliance is essential in medical injection molding, as incorrect categorization or non-compliance can lead to delays, increased costs, and a longer time to market.<h3 dir="ltr">2. Certifications: Guaranteeing Quality and Safety</h3>Certification is a standard, ensuring the products meet or exceed industry requirements. Key certifications in the medical industry include:ISO 13485: This certification ensures a quality management system is in place, maintaining consistency across production batches. For example, if producing IV systems or ventilators, ISO 13485 certification is critical.ISO 10993: For parts that come in direct contact with bodily fluids or tissues, ISO 10993 ensures biocompatibility. This certification is essential when manufacturing parts such as catheter tips or implantable device housings, where material safety directly impacts patient health.ISO 14644: This cleanroom certification is crucial for preventing contamination. A cleanroom-certified facility, for instance, can safely produce surgical device components that require a sterile environment, ensuring they meet hospital and surgical standards.<h3 dir="ltr">3. Material Selection: Biocompatibility and Durability</h3>Choosing materials for medical applications involves considerations beyond standard injection molding. Examples include:<ul><li dir="ltr">Polycarbonate (PC): Due to its strength and transparency, often used for housing devices requiring internal visibility, such as blood analyzers.</li><li dir="ltr">Polyethylene (PE):&nbsp;Known for chemical resistance and flexibility, PE is used in IV bags and tubing, ensuring durability and low moisture absorption.</li><li dir="ltr">Polypropylene (PP): With strong impact resistance and sterilization stability, PP is used in syringes and medical containers, offering long-term reliability.</li><li dir="ltr">Polystyrene (PS):&nbsp;Widely used for disposable labware, PS offers rigidity, transparency, and easy sterilization, making it suitable for laboratory applications.</li><li dir="ltr">Polyether Ether Ketone (PEEK):&nbsp;Widely used in implantable devices due to its strength, stability under sterilization, and biocompatibility.</li><li dir="ltr">Thermoplastic Elastomer (TPE):&nbsp;Its flexibility makes it suitable for soft-touch surgical instrument handles that withstand repeated sterilization.</li></ul>Every material choice has specific trade-offs. For instance, while PE and PP are cost-effective and chemically resistant, they might lack the strength needed for parts exposed to high-stress environments. Therefore, understanding these nuances helps in material selection, optimizing for both performance and cost.<a href="https://www.rpworld.com/en/resources/blog/what-materials-work-best-for-your-medical-device-development.html">&nbsp;Click Here</a> to explore more material choices.<h3 dir="ltr">4. Prototyping to Production: Ensuring a Smooth Transition</h3>Transitioning from prototypes to full-scale production isn’t always straightforward. During prototyping, designs may feature thinner walls or more complex geometries than standard injection molding processes can easily reproduce at scale. For example, a prototype with sharp corners that’s achievable created by the vacuum casting process, but requires design optimization, such as adding radii, and adding draft angle for efficient injection molding without sacrificing quality.When scaling up, an experienced injection molding partner with expertise and capabilities can help optimize these designs for manufacturability without compromising on quality. At RPWORLD, we assist clients in this crucial transition, helping optimize part design, select the most suitable materials, finishing options and more to support efficient and regulatory-compliant production.<h2 dir="ltr">How RPWORLD Injection Molding Accelerates Your Medical Development</h2>At RPWORLD, we integrate material expertise, one-stop manufacturing services, in-depth DFM analysis and ISO-certified process to help bring medical devices to market faster. Our services cover the entire lifecycle—from prototyping to mass production—tailoring to meet the unique needs of each medical device.Our Injection Molding Services Include:<ul><li dir="ltr">20+ years of experience in medical device injection molding, from prototyping to end-use production.</li><li dir="ltr">Mold flow analysis, and in-house tools design and fabrication.</li><li dir="ltr">Design for Manufacturing (DFM) guidance, including design optimization, material selection, finishing selection and more to avoid costly rework and save time up to 80%.</li><li dir="ltr">A wide variety of post-processing options to perfect your parts.</li><li dir="ltr">State-of-the-art quality inspection equipment and stringent quality control including real-time process monitoring to ensure consistency.</li></ul>

Photo by National Cancer Institute on Unsplash

If you’re considering taking the next step in medical injection molding, this article will guide you through 4 key considerations in medical injection molding, from understanding device classifications and regulations to selecting suitable materials and preparing your design.

From Prototype to Production - 4 Critical Considerations for Safe and Compliant Medical Injection Molding

In this episode, we explore how AI co-pilots are equipping doctors with powerful tools to enhance decision-making and patient care and discuss how it could impact you - a potential patient - in the not distant future.

Podcast: Will AI Assistants Make Your Doctor Better?

This article was discussed in our <a href="https://www.wevolver.com/profile/the.next.byte" rel="noopener noreferrer">Next Byte podcast</a>.&nbsp;<iframe height="200px" width="100%" frameborder="no" scrolling="no" seamless="" src="https://player.simplecast.com/6b08d0cb-2606-44e8-be73-1dd17a7d2839?dark=false" class="fr-draggable" data-gtm-yt-inspected-24="true" data-lf-form-tracking-inspected-kn9eq4roawkarlvp="true" data-lf-yt-playback-inspected-kn9eq4roawkarlvp="true" data-lf-vimeo-playback-inspected-kn9eq4roawkarlvp="true"></iframe> The full article will continue below.<hr> <iframe width="640" height="360" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/k7oJjazQAe4?&amp;wmode=opaque&amp;rel=0&amp;enablejsapi=1&amp;origin=https://www.wevolver.com" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen="" class="fr-draggable" data-gtm-yt-inspected-24="true" data-lf-form-tracking-inspected-kn9eq4roawkarlvp="true" data-lf-yt-playback-inspected-kn9eq4roawkarlvp="true" data-lf-vimeo-playback-inspected-kn9eq4roawkarlvp="true">&nbsp;</iframe>As we age, it becomes more difficult to remember where things are—whether it’s recalling where we left the keys or where we parked the car. This spatial memory deteriorates further with the onset of dementia, a condition that someone in the world develops every three seconds, according to Alzheimer’s Disease International.<img src="https://images.wevolver.com/eyJidWNrZXQiOiJ3ZXZvbHZlci1wcm9qZWN0LWltYWdlcyIsImtleSI6ImZyb2FsYS8xNzMxMDI1MjMwNTYyLTI5YzA1YzhlLmpwZyIsImVkaXRzIjp7InJlc2l6ZSI6eyJ3aWR0aCI6OTUwLCJmaXQiOiJjb3ZlciJ9fX0=" style="width: 100%px;" class="fr-fic fr-dib">© Alzheimer’s Disease International<blockquote>We are addressing a serious concern for those affected by dementia.<footer>- Friedhelm Hummel</footer></blockquote>Researchers at two EPFL labs have joined forces to give a boost to spatial memory by creating a unique experimental setup that combines non-invasive deep-brain stimulation, virtual reality training, and fMRI imaging—all housed within Campus Biotech in Geneva. Published in Science Advances, the study demonstrates that targeted, painless electric impusles to the hippocampus and adjacent structures, a deep brain region implied in memory and spatial navigation, can improve the brain’s ability to recall locations and navigate more effectively.“By finding ways to improve spatial memory without surgery or medication, we are addressing a serious concern for a large and growing population: the elderly, as well as brain trauma patients and those affected by dementia,” says Friedhelm Hummel, head of the <a href="https://www.epfl.ch/labs/hummel-lab/">Hummel Lab</a>.The study is the result of a collaboration between the Hummel Lab and Olaf Blanke’s Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience (<a href="https://www.epfl.ch/labs/lnco/">LCNO</a>), both at EPFL’s Neuro X institute. By combining Hummel’s expertise in non-invasive brain stimulation with Blanke’s cognitive research of spatial navigation in virtual reality environments, the researchers developed a unique neuro-technological setup.<h2>A one-of-a-kind combination of neuro-technologies</h2>The experiment begins with researchers placing four harmless electrodes on the heads of healthy individuals to stimulate the hippocampus and adjacent structures. This non-invasive technique, <a href="https://actu.epfl.ch/news/non-invasive-deep-brain-stimulation-enhances-motor/">called transcranial temporal interference electric stimulation</a> (tTIS), sends targeted pulses without causing any discomfort for the participant.<blockquote>This leads us to believe that by stimulating the hippocampus, we temporarily increased brain plasticity.<footer>Elena Beanato</footer></blockquote>Next, volunteers are immersed in a virtual world using VR goggles. <a href="https://infoscience.epfl.ch/server/api/core/bitstreams/3f433490-92a4-461e-be04-fc02dea934b0/content">Building on previous research</a> by co-first-author Hyuk-June Moon, the scientists task the participants with navigating through a series of locations and remembering key landmarks. This immersive virtual setting allows researchers to precisely measure how well participants can recall and navigate spatial information whilst receiving tTIS.<img src="https://images.wevolver.com/eyJidWNrZXQiOiJ3ZXZvbHZlci1wcm9qZWN0LWltYWdlcyIsImtleSI6ImZyb2FsYS8xNzMxMDI1Mjc2NjI5LTkyYmZiNzhiLmpwZyIsImVkaXRzIjp7InJlc2l6ZSI6eyJ3aWR0aCI6OTUwLCJmaXQiOiJjb3ZlciJ9fX0=" style="width: 100%px;" class="fr-fic fr-dib">Full experimental setup at Campus Biotech, combining non-invasive brain stimulation, virtual reality and fMRI. © 2024 EPFL“When stimulation was applied, we observed a clear improvement of the participants’ recall time—the time it took to start moving toward where they remembered the object to be,” says Elena Beanato, the other first author of the study. “This leads us to believe that by stimulating the hippocampus, we temporarily increased brain plasticity, which, when combined with training in a virtual environment, leads to better spatial navigation.”The entire experiment was conducted within an fMRI scanner. This provided researchers with real-time images of brain activity, allowing them to monitor how the hippocampus and surrounding regions responded to tTIS during the spatial navigation tasks. The fMRI data revealed changes in neural activity associated with the observed behavioral changes, specifically in the regions responsible for memory and navigation, giving the researchers deeper insight into how non-invasive stimulation modulates brain function.This integration of advanced technologies at EPFL's Neuro X Institute, makes Campus Biotech one of the few places where all three experimental techniques can be combined in a single study.<blockquote>“In the long term, we envision using this approach to develop targeted therapies for patients suffering from cognitive impairments.<footer>- Olaf Blanke</footer></blockquote>“The alliance of tTIS, virtual reality, and fMRI offers a highly controlled and innovative approach to studying the brain’s response to stimulation and its impact on cognitive functions,” adds Olaf Blanke. “In the long term, we envision using this approach to develop targeted therapies for patients suffering from cognitive impairments, offering a non-invasive way to enhance memory and spatial abilities.”<hr>ReferencesBeanato, E., Moon, H.-J., Windel, F., Vassiliadis, P., Wessel, M. J., Popa, T., Menoud, P., Neufeld, E., De Falco, E., Gauthier, B., Steiner, M., Blanke, O., &amp; Hummel, F. C. (2024). Noninvasive modulation of the hippocampal-entorhinal complex during spatial navigation in humans. Science Advances. DOI: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.ado4103" target="_blank" rel="noopener">10.1126/sciadv.ado4103</a>

EPFL researchers have combined virtual reality, non-invasive brain stimulation and advanced brain imaging techniques to improve spatial navigation in healthy participants. The study is a first step in addressing dementia in an aging population without medication or surgery.

Neurotechnology boosts memory without surgery

<section id="isPasted">Imagine you have a virtual copy of your own body. This digital twin, an accurate computer model, can help doctors better understand your health, personalize treatments, and intervene earlier to prevent more significant problems. What sounds like science fiction now is becoming more and more of a reality, and in the (distant) future, it could revolutionize healthcare.Source: <a href="https://www.catharinaziekenhuis.nl/actueel/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">Catharina Ziekenhuis Eindhoven</a> / Geert Piek</section><section tabindex="-1">A digital twin is actually a kind of digital version of yourself, based on data from your body, but also on information from many other people. This technology is already being used in sectors such as industry and urban planning, where these virtual copies can be used to predict how machines or traffic systems will behave, for example.Now, this technique is also increasingly finding its way into healthcare.<h2 id="isPasted">What does this mean for the patient of the future?</h2>Lukas Dekker, cardiologist-electrophysiologist at the Catharina Hospital and professor at Eindhoven University of Technology (TU/e), explains: “In the future, we will be able to provide tailor-made care with the help of a digital twin.”“This means that we are better able to determine the best treatment for each patient, instead of giving everyone the same standard of care. This not only makes healthcare more personalized but also more efficient and affordable. We move away from the idea of&nbsp;one size fits all.”A digital twin is not a simple model that doctors use to try out surgeries in advance but a smart collection of data that uses real-time information to simulate and predict your health. “We combine medical scans, data on how your body moves and how it responds to treatments. This allows us to calculate, for example, how your heart functions,” says Dekker.<h3>Saving lives</h3>This opens the door to new possibilities. Let's say you've had a heart attack. With a digital twin, doctors would be able to predict who has an increased risk of cardiac arrhythmias after such an attack. That can save lives.Carlijn Buck, PhD candidate in cardiovascular biomechanics, is working on&nbsp;<a href="https://www.catharinaziekenhuis.nl/kan-data-voorspellen-wie-na-een-infarct-hartritmestoornissen-ontwikkelt/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">the development of digital twins of heart patients within the COMBAT-VT project</a>. “It's still a long way off to make a complete digital copy of the body, but the first versions of digital twins of the heart have already been created,” she says. “The next step is for such a model to adapt as new data comes in, and then quickly predict whether something will go wrong.”This means that doctors can predict your health better and better without you having to go to the hospital constantly. “In the future, more and more devices you wear – such as smart watches or heart monitors – will pass on data to your doctor.”“They can then monitor your health remotely and intervene if necessary,” explains Dekker. “When something is measured, you don't just want the data in question to be analyzed, but also to be analyzed in a certain context. After all, one person differs significantly from another, whether that is due to age, weight, or medical history.”<h3 id="isPasted">No unnecessary burden on healthcare</h3>One of the most significant advantages of a digital twin is that it helps doctors estimate when you need what type of medical care. “Some patients may need to be checked more quickly than others. With a digital twin, we can better assess this in the future and offer tailored care,” says Dekker.This also means that the healthcare system is not unnecessarily burdened. “Not every patient needs a complicated model,” Buck explains. “For some patients, a simple risk model is sufficient, based on data such as age and weight. But if there is a high risk, we can create a more detailed model to get a better understanding.”She explains that this requires more complicated data, such as an MRI scan of the heart. This means more impact for the patient, a more labor-intensive job for the medical engineer who assembles the twin, and higher healthcare costs. “So if you don't need such a detailed model, you shouldn't do it.”<h3>Human side remains crucial</h3>Creating&nbsp;a digital twin is an intensive process in which technicians and doctors work closely together. The technician builds the twins while the doctor determines how they will be used in practice. “For example, in the case&nbsp;<a href="https://www.catharinaziekenhuis.nl/behandelingen/ablatie/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">of ablation</a>, a procedure to treat cardiac arrhythmias, the model could help determine when and how the heart can best be treated,” says Buck.But, she emphasizes, a digital twin does not replace the doctor. “The model doesn't tell you how you feel or how you view surgery. It can't take the context into account; it's only useful for what it's made for. It is, therefore, a tool for the doctor to provide the best possible care. The human side and the overall context remain crucial, and that’s why we will still need a doctor.”<h3>Enormous possibilities</h3>Although the technology is still in the early stages of development, the possibilities of digital twins are enormous. The combination of data, technology and medical expertise ensures that we can provide more and more tailor-made care in the future.The COMBAT-VT project falls under the umbrella of the&nbsp;<a href="https://www.tue.nl/en/research/research-groups/eaisi/eaisi-business-operations/eindhoven-medtech-innovation-center/" target="_blank">Eindhoven MedTech Innovation Center (e/MTIC),</a> a large regional partnership in the field of medical technology between TU/e, Philips, and the Catharina Hospital, Maxima Medical Center, and Kempenhaeghe. A crucial collaboration for this research is combining input from healthcare with technological developments. </section>

Lukas Dekker and Carlijn Buck in consultation with their digital twin. Photo: Catharina Ziekenhuis Eindhoven

Researchers Lukas Dekker and Carlijn Buck of TU/e and the Catharina Hospital are investigating how they can provide better-tailored care to heart patients through smart modeling, thanks to a digital twin of each patient.

Digital twins will help to tailor healthcare more in the future

Thinking outside the box, MIT Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory (CSAIL) and Aarhus University researchers have now engineered “MouthIO,” a dental brace that can be fabricated with sensors and feedback components to capture in-mouth interactions and data. This interactive wearable could eventually assist dentists and other doctors with collecting health data and help motor-impaired individuals interact with a phone, computer, or fitness tracker using their mouths.Resembling an electronic retainer, MouthIO is a see-through brace that fits the specifications of your upper or lower set of teeth from a scan. The researchers created a plugin for the modeling software Blender to help users tailor the device to fit a dental scan, where you can then 3D print your design in dental resin. This computer-aided design tool allows users to digitally customize a panel (called PCB housing) on the side to integrate electronic components like batteries, sensors (including detectors for temperature and acceleration, as well as tongue-touch sensors), and actuators (like vibration motors and LEDs for feedback). You can also place small electronics outside of the PCB housing on individual teeth.<iframe width="640" height="360" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/PsDgvZ_6vT4?&amp;wmode=opaque&amp;enablejsapi=1&amp;origin=https://www.wevolver.com" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen="" class="fr-draggable" data-lf-form-tracking-inspected-kn9eq4roawkarlvp="true" data-lf-yt-playback-inspected-kn9eq4roawkarlvp="true" data-lf-vimeo-playback-inspected-kn9eq4roawkarlvp="true"></iframe><h2 dir="ltr" id="isPasted">The active mouth</h2>“The mouth is a really interesting place for an interactive wearable and can open up many opportunities, but has remained largely unexplored due to its complexity,” says senior author Michael Wessely, a former CSAIL postdoc and senior author on a&nbsp;<a href="https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3654777.3676443">paper about MouthIO</a> who is now an assistant professor at Aarhus University. “This compact, humid environment has elaborate geometries, making it hard to build a wearable interface to place inside. With MouthIO, though, we’ve developed a new kind of device that’s comfortable, safe, and almost invisible to others. Dentists and other doctors are eager about MouthIO for its potential to provide new health insights, tracking things like teeth grinding and potentially bacteria in your saliva.” The excitement for MouthIO’s potential in health monitoring stems from initial experiments. The team found that their device could track bruxism (the habit of grinding teeth) by embedding an accelerometer within the brace to track jaw movements. When attached to the lower set of teeth, MouthIO detected when users grind and bite, with the data charted to show how often users did each. Wessely and his colleagues’ customizable brace could one day help users with motor impairments, too. The team connected small touchpads to MouthIO, helping detect when a user’s tongue taps their teeth. These interactions could be sent via Bluetooth to scroll across a webpage, for example, allowing the tongue to act as a “third hand” to open up a new avenue for hands-free interaction."MouthIO is a great example how miniature electronics now allow us to integrate sensing into a broad range of everyday interactions,” says study co-author Stefanie Mueller, the TIBCO Career Development Associate Professor in the MIT departments of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science and Mechanical Engineering and leader of the HCI Engineering Group at CSAIL. “I'm especially excited about the potential to help improve accessibility and track potential health issues among users."<h2 dir="ltr">Molding and making MouthIO</h2>To get a 3D model of your teeth, you can first create a physical impression and fill it with plaster. You can then scan your mold with a mobile app like Polycam and upload that to Blender. Using the researchers’ plugin within this program, you can clean up your dental scan to outline a precise brace design. Finally, you 3D print your digital creation in clear dental resin, where the electronic components can then be soldered on. Users can create a standard brace that covers their teeth, or opt for an “open-bite” design within their Blender plugin. The latter fits more like open-finger gloves, exposing the tips of your teeth, which helps users avoid lisping and talk naturally.This “do it yourself” method costs roughly $15 to produce and takes two hours to be 3D-printed. MouthIO can also be fabricated with a more expensive, professional-level teeth scanner similar to what dentists and orthodontists use, which is faster and less labor-intensive.Compared to its closed counterpart, which fully covers your teeth, the researchers view the open-bite design as a more comfortable option. The team preferred to use it for beverage monitoring experiments, where they fabricated a brace capable of alerting users when a drink was too hot. This iteration of MouthIO had a temperature sensor and a monitor embedded within the PCB housing that vibrated when a drink exceeded 65 degrees Celsius (or 149 degrees Fahrenheit). This could help individuals with mouth numbness better understand what they’re consuming. In a user study, participants also preferred the open-bite version of MouthIO. “We found that our device could be suitable for everyday use in the future,” says study lead author and Aarhus University PhD student Yijing Jiang. “Since the tongue can touch the front teeth in our open-bite design, users don’t have a lisp. This made users feel more comfortable wearing the device during extended periods with breaks, similar to how people use retainers.” The team’s initial findings indicate that MouthIO is a cost-effective, accessible, and customizable interface, and the team is working on a more long-term study to evaluate its viability further. They’re looking to improve its design, including experimenting with more flexible materials, and placing it in other parts of the mouth, like the cheek and the palate. Among these ideas, the researchers have already prototyped two new designs for MouthIO: a single-sided brace for even higher comfort when wearing MouthIO while also being fully invisible to others, and another fully capable of wireless charging and communication. Jiang, Mueller, and Wessely’s co-authors include PhD student Julia Kleinau, master’s student Till Max Eckroth, and associate professor Eve Hoggan, all of Aarhus University. Their work was supported by a Novo Nordisk Foundation grant and was presented at ACM’s Symposium on User Interface Software and Technology.

When you think about hands-free devices, you might picture Alexa and other voice-activated in-home assistants, Bluetooth earpieces, or asking Siri to make a phone call in your car. You might not imagine using your mouth to communicate with other devices like a computer or a phone remotely. 

Interactive mouthpiece opens new opportunities for health data, assistive technology, and hands-free interactions

<section id="isPasted">In the 2010s, at-home 3D printing become a widespread craze but as years passed the buzz has quieted. While some of the media excitement may have tempered, 3D printing applications continued to flourish in more technical industries, and the technology has become an intrinsic part of manufacturing and producing products from hearing aids, dentistry parts or surgical instruments and inhalers. As part of 3D printing’s resurgence, it is now transforming the life sciences industry and revolutionizing Medtech in unexpected ways.</section><section><h2>Using 3D Printed Microneedles to Tackle Skin Cancer</h2>Our customer <a href="https://www.imcomet.com/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">IMcoMET Medtech</a> is a biotech startup in the field of skin cancer treatment. Immunotherapy is now turning to the use of micro-scale tools to change the way we treat skin cancer, &nbsp;IMcoMET MedTech has developed technology like the <a href="https://bmf3d.com/resource/skin-cancer-treatment-device-manufactured-with-micro-3d-printing/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">microneedle-Duo (M-Duo)</a> which allows the microenvironment of the tumor and all of its components to be physically removed, to then be replaced with healthy tissue.<img src="https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/wevolver-project-images/froala%2F1730078578343-imcomet-image.jpg" style="width: 100%px;" class="fr-fic fr-dib"><section id="isPasted">This small scale of design and alternative approach to tumor aspiration wouldn’t be possible without 3D printing technology from Boston Micro Fabrication, which printed the parts needed to assemble the device on its open-source, micro 3D printing platform. The technology used 3D printed components such as the caps/lid that hold the needles in place. BMF was able to print these high-precision pieces, bridging the gap between classic technology (SLA 3D and nano 3D printing). BMF is able to manufacture these parts due to the high-precision capabilities of its devices – with 100µm channels and spacing requirements of the part down to 20-40 µm.</section><section><h2>Shaping COVID-19 Testing with High-Resolution Molding</h2>Researchers at&nbsp;<a href="https://www.berkeley.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">UC Berkeley</a> were looking for an alternative method to produce molds for multiplex&nbsp;<a href="https://bmf3d.com/resource/3d-printing-molds-uc-berkeley/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">microfluidic</a> devices that can be used in the fight against COVID-19. These devices are equipped with a sensor and can be used to perform traditional antibody testing for patients who are infected. As a means to reduce the spread of viruses, there is a pressing need to detect infection at a very early stage through viral RNA analysis.Christos Adamopoulos, PhD Candidate and Asmaysinh Gharia, Researcher at UC Berkeley were very impressed with the ultra-high resolution that BMF’s technology can achieve. The accuracy and precision of these 3D printed molds is especially important as the microfluidic multiplex devices currently use 100µm channels and they wanted to make channels on an even smaller scale with a higher density.After running through tests with BMF on their 10-micron resolution <a href="https://bmf3d.com/10%CE%BCm-series-printers/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">microArch S140 3D</a> printer, they discovered it was possible to produce features and channels down to 50µm and still have the layers align accurately. They can now fit eight channels instead of five onto the same footprint and can scale up device complexity without increasing the production scale.<img src="https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/wevolver-project-images/froala%2F1730078636789-1730078636789.png" class="fr-fic fr-dib"><h2 id="isPasted">Increasing High Quality Precision in Medtech</h2>Medical devices place extremely high demands on the reliability of their components. &nbsp;With applications including surgical power tools, ventilators, and heart pumps, precision bearings are among the critical components on which the safety of treated patients often directly depends. The need for precision and selection fitting components for the device is of the utmost importance.<a href="https://www.rndrmedical.com/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">RNDR Medical</a> is a team of talented and experienced medical device engineers, designers, technicians and executives focused on the advancement of medical technologies. In their recent partnership with BMF, they were able to launch a <a href="https://bmf3d.com/resource/micro-3d-printing-for-disposable-medical-devices/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">novel single-use scope for endourology</a> that is utilized for direct visualization and navigation to enable diagnosis and treatment of urinary tract disorders, such as kidney stones and urothelial carcinoma, as well as pyeloscopy procedures enabling therapeutic access to the renal pelvis and kidneys.<img src="https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/wevolver-project-images/froala%2F1730078665670-disposable-tip-rndr-1.png" style="width: 100%px;" class="fr-fic fr-dib"><section id="isPasted">Anthony Appling, Principal, Co-owner, and Keith Wells, Design Engineering Lead were seeking a manufacturing solution since the device requires a high degree of precision while being sealed to prevent fluid exposure. While searching for a solution to navigate the long and expensive wait times of micro molding, they came across Boston Micro Fabrication’s Projection Micro Stereolithography (PµSL) micro 3D printing technology.By partnering with BMF, the RNDR team was able to cut production time in half. BMF’s microscale 3D printers also enabled the company’s medical device engineers to evaluate and iterate designs in a matter of days and weeks vs months. As RNDR Medical can attest, BMF 3D printers are well-suited for visualization systems, therapy and diagnostic catheters, and delivery systems across medical device markets.</section><section><h2>Enhanced efficiency in Medtech devices</h2>According to the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services, annual US healthcare spending on medical devices is projected to reach around $300 billion to $400 billion — 5-6% of $6.8 trillion in total healthcare spend — by 2030. &nbsp;3D printing is already becoming a critical player in the production and manufacturing process as companies and research institutes continue to utilize its applications.Last year, the <a href="https://www.unict.it/en" target="_blank" rel="noopener">University of Catania</a> designed <a href="https://bmf3d.com/resource/micro-3d-printing-for-micro-optofluidics/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">micro-optofluidic devices</a> suitable for an enhanced optical investigation device. Lorena Saitta, PhD in the Polymers and Composites was looking for a one-step manufacturing process that could guarantee optical transparency and tailored surface chemistry without the need for further assembly. The device also needed appropriate surface roughness to avoid flow instability and minimize the risk of fluid leakage at assembly points.Saitta turned to 3D printing to manufacture the micro-optofluidic device in one piece. Using the <a href="https://bmf3d.com/10%CE%BCm-series-printers/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">microArch S140,</a> team was able to print the device with integrated inlets, outlets, and insertions for micro-optical fibers. The microArch S140 was also able to manufacture the micro-optofluidic device in one piece, eliminating concerns over fluid leakage. Projection Micro Stereolithography has opened new frontiers in the manufacturing of micro-optofluidic devices” says Lorena Saitta, PhD, University of Catania.</section><section><h2>Expanding MedTech Applications</h2>Use cases are increasingly proving that 3D printing is growing to be more intertwined with the advancement of technology in healthcare and the life sciences. Beyond applications in use today, BMF is continuing to innovate through its partnership with the University of Nottingham. The Centre for Additive Manufacturing, a multidisciplinary research group at The University of Nottingham, is developing a toolkit that will act as an instruction manual to improve the pathway from research all the way through to development and clinical adoption; identifying how medical technology companies can develop personalized and tailored medical devices. This project aims to help to unlock a bottleneck that prevents the bringing of new innovative engineering to the NHS.Whether it’s by creating micro-scale tools that deliver immunotherapy and have the potential to change the way we treat skin cancer, to producing high accuracy and precision printing molds for early detection COVID-19 tests or looking away from traditional manufacturing to additive manufacturing to combat extended production times, micro 3D printing is pushing the boundaries of innovation. The benefit of utilizing 3D continues to be recognized by companies as a creative, high-quality solution and will continue to play a critical role in new innovations to come.</section></section></section>

3D printing applications continued to flourish in more technical industries, and the technology has become an intrinsic part of manufacturing and producing products from hearing aids, dentistry parts or surgical instruments and inhalers.

The top ways high precision 3D printing is changing the medical and life sciences landscape

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healthcare

Autonomous Mobile Robots employed for material handling; Credits: Teradyne

This article offers an in-depth view of AMR robots, their underlying technology, and applications crucial in today's rapidly evolving technological landscape.

Understanding AMR Robots: A Comprehensive Guide

This is the 2nd article in a 3 part series featuring the applications of tinyML. The series introduces the concept of tinyML and explains some selected applications of the technology in various fields like sustainability, healthcare and education.By adopting digital advancements, healthcare providers are updating their services to improve them and make them accessible to more people. 5G networks, Augmented Reality (AR) &amp; Virtual Reality (VR), Wearables, Digital Twins, and many more technologies are enabling this digital transformation.One such technology with great potential in ensuring healthy lives and well-being for all is tinyML. The concept is a crossover between Artificial Intelligence (AI) and embedded systems that involves developing solutions that bring Machine Learning (ML) capabilities to edge devices. Benefits include privacy, affordability, low-power utilisation, the ability to work in remote locations, and a lot more.In our <a href="https://www.wevolver.com/article/tinyml" target="_blank">previous article</a> about the applications of tinyML, we explained how it unlocks new possibilities for sustainable development technologies. This article continues the series by showcasing two more applications of tinyML for medical research and improved healthcare.<h2 dir="ltr">MaRTiny: a tinyML solution for extreme heat sensing for urban climate science</h2>As a direct effect of global warming, summers are getting warmer. [1] This disruption of the natural balance poses a risk to all living entities on the planet. Higher temperatures are known to cause a degradation in the air quality and induce severe health-related issues like heat strokes. Looking at the data of weather-related fatalities in America, heat is the single most significant cause of weather-related deaths over the last 30 years, surpassing floods and storms. [2]But it’s not just the ambient temperature that causes discomfort. It’s the Mean Radiant Temperature (MRT) which accounts for the influence of all the surfaces in the surrounding that ultimately determines the occupant’s comfort. Often, the effect of roads, buildings and other entities has an adverse effect on the MRT, creating a complex problem intersecting health and urban infrastructure.To aid the collection of information related to the MRT, a tinyML solution called MaRTiny was developed by researchers from Arizona State University (ASU). It is a $200 low-cost mobile platform for bio-metrological sensing.<img src="https://images.wevolver.com/eyJidWNrZXQiOiJ3ZXZvbHZlci1wcm9qZWN0LWltYWdlcyIsImtleSI6ImZyb2FsYS8xNjQyNTE3MzYxNzgyLTE2NDI1MTczNjE3ODIucG5nIiwiZWRpdHMiOnsicmVzaXplIjp7IndpZHRoIjo5NTAsImZpdCI6ImNvdmVyIn19fQ==" width="720" height="297" id="isPasted" class="fr-fic fr-dii" alt="MaRTiny-tech-stack">The tech stack of the MaRTiny platformThe list of sensors embedded on the device include:<ul><li dir="ltr">Ambient temperature sensor</li><li dir="ltr">Globe temperature sensor for sensing the radiant heat</li><li dir="ltr">Humidity sensor</li><li dir="ltr">Ultra Violet (UV) sensor</li><li dir="ltr">Anemometer for measuring wind speed and direction.</li></ul>The platform uses an <a href="https://www.wevolver.com/profile/arduino.pro" target="_blank">Arduino</a> Uno to collect the data and a NodeMCU to provide it with the electronic infrastructure required for wireless data communication. At the core of the system is the Nvidia Jetson Nano development board that provides MaRTiny with the power to run tinyML algorithms.<img src="https://images.wevolver.com/eyJidWNrZXQiOiJ3ZXZvbHZlci1wcm9qZWN0LWltYWdlcyIsImtleSI6ImZyb2FsYS8xNjQyNTE3NDcxMTAyLU5WSURJQV9KZXRzb25fTmFub19EZXZlbG9wZXJfS2l0Xyg0MDY1MDQyNTUwMykuanBnIiwiZWRpdHMiOnsicmVzaXplIjp7IndpZHRoIjo5NTAsImZpdCI6ImNvdmVyIn19fQ==" style="width: 300px;" class="fr-fic fr-dib" alt="nvidia-jetson-nano-development-board">The Nvidia Jetson Nano development board provides MaRTiny with image processing and ML capabilitiesJetson Nano, with its Camera Serial Interface (CSI), can connect with a camera for shadow detection, object detection and people-in-shade detection. Jetson’s ARM Cortex A57 MPcore, 128 CUDA core Maxwell GPU coupled with 4 GB RAM is just enough to offer advanced ML capabilities on edge.The task of MRT estimation was formulated as a supervised learning problem by the inventors that required a lot of true data for training. This true data was collected with the help of a previously developed, larger and more expensive MRT detecting system going by the name of MaRTy. [3]&nbsp;<img src="https://images.wevolver.com/eyJidWNrZXQiOiJ3ZXZvbHZlci1wcm9qZWN0LWltYWdlcyIsImtleSI6ImZyb2FsYS8xNjQyNTE3NTMzMzM5LTE1MDB4NTAwLmpwZyIsImVkaXRzIjp7InJlc2l6ZSI6eyJ3aWR0aCI6OTUwLCJmaXQiOiJjb3ZlciJ9fX0=" style="width: 300px;" class="fr-fic fr-dib" alt="MaRTiny-MaRTy">MaRTiny aims to offer similar functionality as that of MaRTy (in the image) at just 1% of the price. Image source: @ASUMaRTy, TwitterIt was observed that a Support Vector Machine (SVM) with a Radial Basis Function (RBF) kernel achieved the highest accuracy with the MaRTiny. The method being computationally light, offered an easy way of deployment on Jetson. To improve the estimations, both SVM and Artificial Neural Network (ANN) models were utilised and trained with data collected via sensors. [4]For privacy, the images taken by MaRTiny are not stored in the cloud or even in the device’s memory. It automatically discards personally identifiable information (PII) before reporting anything back to the servers, which is central to the idea of tinyML and a must-have feature for public deployment.<img src="https://images.wevolver.com/eyJidWNrZXQiOiJ3ZXZvbHZlci1wcm9qZWN0LWltYWdlcyIsImtleSI6ImZyb2FsYS8xNjQyNTE3NTc1MjI0LWltYWdlNy5wbmciLCJlZGl0cyI6eyJyZXNpemUiOnsid2lkdGgiOjk1MCwiZml0IjoiY292ZXIifX19" style="width: 300px;" class="fr-fic fr-dib" alt="MaRTiny-setup">The experimental setup of MaRTinyThe tinyML solution, MaRTiny, can provide crucial insights related to weather conditions and the utilisation of shades and space by the public. Multiple MaRTiny devices can be installed across the city to gather valuable data for architecture and town planning.<h2 dir="ltr">Pneumonia Detection using Embedded Machine Learning</h2>Pneumonia is a respiratory infection caused by viruses, bacterias and fungi. According to the World Health Organisation (WHO) data, it is estimated that as much as 22% of all deaths in children aged from 1 to 5 is due to pneumonia. Bacteria induced pneumonia can be treated with antibiotics and other low-cost and low-tech medical facilities if detected at the right time. [5]Chest X-ray, blood oxygen levels and Complete Blood Count (CBC) are used to detect pneumonia which is time-consuming. Doctors manually review the chest X-ray and decide if the person is infected, which is sometimes inaccurate and requires an automated solution with better accuracy. This is the idea behind the tinyML solution that we are about to discuss in this section.Arijit Das, a 15-year-old tinyML enthusiast, has developed a tinyML model using the <a href="https://www.wevolver.com/profile/edge.impulse" target="_blank">Edge Impulse</a> platform to detect pneumonia from chest X-rays. The model can be deployed on single board development platforms like Raspberry Pi 4, Sony Supersense and a few other devices. With just the main board, a camera shield and the Edge Impulse tinyML model, the tiny setup can detect pneumonia in under a minute which is phenomenal considering the fact that it takes anywhere between 1 to 4 days for detection by manual inspection.<img src="https://images.wevolver.com/eyJidWNrZXQiOiJ3ZXZvbHZlci1wcm9qZWN0LWltYWdlcyIsImtleSI6ImZyb2FsYS8xNjQyNTE3NzA0Nzk2LVJhc3BiZXJyeV9QaV80X01vZGVsX0JfLV9TaWRlLmpwZyIsImVkaXRzIjp7InJlc2l6ZSI6eyJ3aWR0aCI6OTUwLCJmaXQiOiJjb3ZlciJ9fX0=" style="width: 300px;" class="fr-fic fr-dib" alt="Raspberry-Pi-4">Credit card-sized single-board computers like Raspberry Pi come with enough compute power to run optimised tinyML algorithmsThe tinyML model doesn’t require internet connectivity to work and offers an accuracy of over 80%, which is far better compared to manual inspection. This can prove to be quite helpful in largely affected regions like Sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia, where a huge number of examinations need to be conducted related to the same disease.&nbsp;At the time of writing this article, the project is fully functional and has been clinically tested by over 10 doctors in a local survey conducted by the inventor. The project is available on <a href="https://github.com/Pneumonia-Detection-using-EdgeML" target="_blank">GitHub</a> for everyone to try, test and contribute. [6]<h2 dir="ltr">Conclusion</h2>It’s the third year into the pandemic, and the emphasis on healthcare research is more than ever. Introducing technologies that can work with little power and no network connectivity at an affordable price in healthcare can save several lives. Leveraging interdisciplinary technologies like tinyML is the way forward to a safer and healthier future.About tinyML FoundationWith its workshops, webinars, expert talks, research conferences, competitions, and a plethora of other events, tinyML Foundation enables students, researchers, and industry personnel to come together and share their experiences about the technology. It is the incredibly collaborative nature of the community that allows it to advance rapidly.<img src="https://images.wevolver.com/eyJidWNrZXQiOiJ3ZXZvbHZlci1wcm9qZWN0LWltYWdlcyIsImtleSI6ImZyb2FsYS8xNjQyNTE3NzY5MDkxLWV5SmlkV05yWlhRaU9pSjNaWFp2YkhabGNpMXdjbTlxWldOMExXbHRZV2RsY3lJc0ltdGxlU0k2SW1aeWIyRnNZUzh4TmpNMk9UZ3lNVEUwT1RRNExWUnBibmxOVEdadmNrZHZiMlFnS0RRd01EQWdlQ0EzTlRBZ2NIZ3BMbXB3WnlJc0ltVmthWFJ6SWpwN0luSmxjMmw2WlNJNmV5SjNhV1IwYUNJNk9UVXdMQ0ptYVhRaU9pSmpiM1psY2lKOWZYMD0ud2VicCIsImVkaXRzIjp7InJlc2l6ZSI6eyJ3aWR0aCI6OTUwLCJmaXQiOiJjb3ZlciJ9fX0=" style="width: 300px;" class="fr-fic fr-dib" alt="tinyML-banner"> The <a href="https://www.wevolver.com/article/tinyml-for-good-where-machine-learning-meets-edge-computing" target="_blank">introductory article</a> familiarised the readers with the concept of tinyML.The&nbsp;<a href="https://www.wevolver.com/article/tinyml" target="_blank">first article</a> explained some possibilities of tinyML applications in sustainable technologies.The <a href="https://www.wevolver.com/article/applications-of-tinyml-in-healthcare-for-a-safer-future/" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">second article</a> is about tinyML applications aiding healthcare and medical research.The third and final article shall cover the tinyML applications in&nbsp;pedagogy&nbsp;and education.<hr><h2>References</h2>[1] Extreme Weather Toolkits, Climate Central, [Online], Available from: &nbsp;<a href="https://medialibrary.climatecentral.org/extreme-weather-toolkits/extreme-heat" target="_blank">https://medialibrary.climatecentral.org/extreme-weather-toolkits/extreme-heat</a>[2] Weather Related Fatality and Injury Statistics, National Weather Service, [Online], Available from:&nbsp;<a href="https://www.weather.gov/hazstat/" target="_blank">https://www.weather.gov/hazstat/</a>[3] Ariane Middel, E. Scott Krayenhoff, ‘Micrometeorological determinants of pedestrian thermal exposure during record-breaking heat in Tempe, Arizona: Introducing the MaRTy observational platform’, Science of The Total Environment, Volume 687, 2019, Pages 137-151, ISSN 0048-9697, Available from:&nbsp;<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.06.085" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.06.085</a>[4] Karthik K. Kulkarni, 2021, ‘Machine Learning and Vision Using Edge Devices for Multimodal Chatbots andBio-meteorological Sensing’, MS Thesis, Arizona State University, United States of America, [Online], Available from:&nbsp;<a href="https://keep.lib.asu.edu/_flysystem/fedora/c7/Kulkarni_asu_0010N_21269.pdf" target="_blank">https://keep.lib.asu.edu/_flysystem/fedora/c7/Kulkarni_asu_0010N_21269.pdf</a>[5] Pneumonia Facts Sheet, World Health Organisation, [Online], Available from:&nbsp;<a href="https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/pneumonia" target="_blank">https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/pneumonia</a>[6] Arijit Das, Pneumonia-Detection-using-EdgeML, GitHub, [Online], Available from:&nbsp;<a href="https://github.com/Pneumonia-Detection-using-EdgeML" target="_blank">https://github.com/Pneumonia-Detection-using-EdgeML</a>

In this article, we take a look at two tinyML projects related to healthcare. The first project helps gather Mean Radiant Temperature data outdoors to protect people from extreme heat, and the other one is a solution for affordable, accurate, & rapid detection of pneumonia.

healthcare

Profiles