Microcells and Distributed Antenna Systems (DAS) are critical components of modern wireless networks, addressing coverage and capacity challenges in dense urban, indoor, and complex environments. Traditionally reliant on macrocell infrastructure, wireless service providers have increasingly turned to these technologies to meet surging user demands. The proliferation of smartphones, IoT devices, and data-intensive applications, coupled with the advent of 5G, is driving substantial investment in DAS equipment, anticipated <a href="https://go.abiresearch.com/lp-innovations-in-the-5g-distributed-antenna-systems-market" target="_blank">to reach $16 billion by 2027.</a>End-users demand ubiquitous, high-quality wireless connectivity, unhindered by environmental factors such as building structures or adverse weather conditions. The increasing prevalence of data-intensive applications, including 4K/8K streaming, heightens the need for robust network capacity. To address these challenges, wireless service providers are adopting a complementary approach, integrating microcells and DAS with traditional macrocell infrastructure.However, DAS applications, like all RF systems, depend on accurate signal propagation. Good signal integrity mostly relies on using meticulously designed high-frequency printed circuit board assemblies (HF PCBAs) within the DAS system’s RF circuitry. This article explains how to design scalable HF PCBAs for various DAS applications, paving the way from traditional macrocells to the microcell-driven future of 5G technology.<h2> </h2><h3>The Macrocell Era: A Broad Brush Approach</h3>Mobile communication underpins contemporary life, facilitating tasks ranging from voice calls to internet browsing. This technology relies on cellular networks, partitioning geographic areas into discrete cells. Each cell is equipped with a base station, or cell tower, managing communication within its designated area. The size of a cell is determined by the maximum distance a tower’s signal can reliably reach a device.Traditionally, wireless service providers have employed macrocells to provide broad coverage. Macrocells consist of base stations with high-gain antennas mounted on elevated structures, such as towers or tall buildings. This configuration maximizes signal propagation.Despite their benefits, macrocells have several drawbacks. These are some of the key challenges they present:<ul><li>Growing Need for Bandwidth: As of 2024, 99 percent of U.S. households subscribe to at least one streaming service. Meanwhile, video conferencing has become ubiquitous across a significant portion of the market. The global gaming community, numbering over a billion users, further amplified demand. These figures show a big rise in the need for more bandwidth. Yet, macrocells struggle with spectrum reuse and therefore cannot handle this growing need. Consequently, network congestion in densely populated areas has resulted in diminished speeds and service reliability.</li><li>Weak Coverage for Some Users: Macrocells are designed for broad geographic coverage, typically employing a single base station tower. While this approach is effective for expansive areas, users situated at the periphery of a cell may experience degraded service quality. Increased signal propagation distances and the presence of obstacles can lead to diminished signal strength, echo, and reduced data rates.</li><li>Capacity overload in hot spots: In areas with high user density, such as urban centers or event venues, macrocells often struggle to handle the heavy demand for mobile services. These ‘hot spots’ can have too many devices trying to connect to the same cell tower simultaneously, leading to network congestion.</li><li>Poor indoor coverage: Despite more than half of mobile usage occurring indoors, macrocell systems often exhibit suboptimal performance in indoor environments. Building materials commonly employed in construction, such as concrete and steel, significantly attenuate cellular signals. Furthermore, the attenuation is intensified by the increased distance between the building and the macrocell tower. Consequently, indoor coverage and capacity are severely limited, resulting in unreliable mobile communication within most buildings.</li><li>5G Limitations: 5G technology uses high-frequency band signals, specifically millimeter waves (mmWaves), which make it possible to send large amounts of data quickly. However, these signals don’t travel very far. They also get easily blocked by buildings, trees, and rain. This makes it hard for 5G signals to be sent and received using macrocells, where cell towers are designed to cover large areas and are often far away from users.</li></ul><h2> </h2><h3>The Rise of Microcells and DAS</h3>Microcells and Distributed Antenna Systems (DAS) represent specialized wireless network solutions designed to augment traditional macrocell infrastructure. These technologies offer a targeted and economically viable approach to enhancing coverage and capacity in both outdoor and indoor settings. A microcell constitutes a type of small cell network characterized by the deployment of mini-base stations, or nodes. These low-power antennas deliver a capacity comparable to macrocell base stations while serving a significantly smaller geographic area. In urban environments, microcell nodes are often discreetly integrated into existing infrastructure, such as streetlights and utility poles. This aesthetic integration distinguishes microcells from their larger, more conspicuous macrocell counterparts. The advantages of microcells include: <ul><li>Better Coverage: Carriers use microcells to improve coverage in hard-to-reach places, like behind buildings or at the edges of macrocells, where signals often weaken or drop.</li><li>Capacity Offload: Microcells help to reduce the load on macrocell towers by handling part of the data traffic. This redistribution of traffic significantly increases total network capacity. Also, these nodes are connected via optical fibers, enabling them to manage large volumes of data at high speeds.</li><li>Enhanced User Experience: Users may be far from macrocells, which have one signal source. Microcell nodes, on the other hand, are strategically placed closer to users across multiple locations. This proximity makes the coverage more stable. Also, in densely populated urban areas, the microcell network densification improves signal quality and capacity, giving users better service.</li><li>Supports 5G: Microcell antennas use mid-band and high-band frequency signals (millimeter waves) and are positioned nearer to users, making them more suitable for 5G networks compared to macrocells. For example, in 2020, Verizon deployed many microcell nodes to support what it calls its “5G Ultra Wideband” service.</li><li>Blends Better with City Infrastructure: Microcell nodes are less noticeable than macrocell towers and can be easily added to cities. This makes them very useful in places with strict zoning rules. Or, in densely populated cities like New York, where installing a large macrocell tower might be impractical due to space limitations. Microcells are a discreet and efficient way to increase network capacity and coverage.</li></ul><img src="https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/wevolver-project-images/froala%2F1727874168900-1727874168900.png" class="fr-fic fr-dib"><a href="https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/abstract/document/8913770" target="_blank">DAS deployment</a> DAS, on the other hand, is primarily used to provide reliable indoor wireless service in venues where signals from external cell towers cannot penetrate effectively.Carriers deploy DAS in high-capacity venues such as stadiums and airports. They also use it to improve coverage in places that are hard to reach, like subways and tunnels. Different types of DAS are tailored for specific settings, from homes and small offices to large public spaces and major airports.The DAS starts with a signal source, which can be cellular signals from an outdoor antenna that picks up signals from nearby cell towers or direct feeds from a microcell base station. This primary signal, known as the donor signal, is then distributed throughout localized areas via antenna nodes.These nodes are strategically placed throughout the area to provide even coverage. This could include places like individual floors of a building, specific rooms, or outdoor spaces within a complex.One of the primary benefits of DAS is that the antenna nodes are placed close to users. This shorter transmission distance helps reduce signal attenuation. The antenna nodes are also simple, inexpensive, and power-efficient.Another significant advantage of DAS is its ability to provide high spatial diversity gain. The system can send and receive signals over multiple paths. This improves the reliability and quality of communication. It also supports flexible and efficient resource management, adapting to different user demands and conditions for optimal performance.<h2> </h2><h3>Compare and Contrast: DAS vs. Microcells</h3>While both DAS and microcells are designed to improve cellular coverage in specific areas, they have distinct characteristics and applications. DAS, characterized by a centralized architecture, is optimized for expansive coverage areas and high user capacities, making it suitable for large venues. Conversely, microcells employ a standalone approach, offering more localized coverage and are typically deployed in smaller spaces. Regarding flexibility, DAS supports multiple carriers while microcells tend to be carrier-specific. Though distinct, these technologies can be complementary, providing comprehensive wireless coverage in complex environments. Here’s a breakdown of key differences:<table><thead><tr><th> </th><th><h5>Distributed Antenna System (DAS)</h5></th><th><h5>Microcells</h5></th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>Network architecture</td><td>Point-to-multipoint.</td><td>Point-to-point.</td></tr><tr><td>Coverage area</td><td>Larger, often encompassing entire buildings or outdoor venues.</td><td>Smaller, typically covering a single floor or a small outdoor area.</td></tr><tr><td>Antennas</td><td>Multiple antennas connected to a central headend.</td><td>Single or multiple antennas, but with a simpler setup than DAS.</td></tr><tr><td>Capacity</td><td>Higher capacity, capable of handling large numbers of users simultaneously.</td><td>Lower capacity compared to DAS, but still sufficient for most indoor environments.</td></tr><tr><td>Flexibility</td><td>Can be shared by multiple carriers, offering neutral host opportunities.</td><td>Often carrier-specific, but some models support multiple carriers.</td></tr><tr><td>Complexity</td><td>Generally more complex to install and manage due to the distributed nature.</td><td>Simpler to install and manage compared to DAS.</td></tr></tbody></table><h2> </h2><h3>The Challenge of High-Frequency PCBAs in MicroCells and DAS</h3>Microcells and DAS systems benefit from using mid-band and high-band frequencies (mmWaves) to deliver fast data speeds and increased capacity. However, high-frequency circuits–like those utilized in microcells and DAS–are more sensitive to PCB material selection, fabrication, and assembly. Thus, developing HF PCB assemblies for microcells and DAS systems will likely present the following issues:<img src="https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/wevolver-project-images/froala%2F1727874191064-1727874191063.png" class="fr-fic fr-dib"> <ul><li>Impedance mismatch sensitivity: At high frequencies, the PCB trace must be treated as a transmission line due to dominant AC characteristics like impedance, inductance, and capacitance. Impedance mismatches among the transmission line, source, and receiver can cause signal errors. These include signal overshoot, undershoot, and ringing.</li><li>Transmission loss due to dielectric absorption: High-frequency signals excite polarized molecules in the substrate, causing the substrate to absorb and convert some of the signal energy to heat. This absorption decreases signal strength.</li><li>Signal attenuation due to skin effect: At high frequencies, the current flows mainly through a thin layer on the surface of the conductor. This is called the ‘skin’ of the conductor. Because the current is limited to this outer layer, the resistance of the PCB trace increases. This higher resistance leads to more signal attenuation.</li><li>Crosstalk: Crosstalk refers to the unwanted coupling of signals between neighboring traces on a PCB assembly. This issue is particularly common in complex circuits, such as those found in microcells and DAS, which often require densely packed, multilayer PCBs.</li><li>Highly sensitive to conductor roughness: The surfaces of conductors on PCB assemblies are not perfectly smooth. This roughness increases the conductor’s resistance, slowing the signal velocity and altering the signal’s phase angle response. These effects are more noticeable at higher operating frequencies.</li><li>Thermal Issues: As frequency increases, more heat is generated due to more skin effect. Heat also comes from core losses in inductors and transformers and from switching losses in high-speed transistors. If this heat buildup is not regulated, it will lower the dielectric constant of the PCB’s dielectric layer. This decrease changes the PCB’s impedance and affects signal integrity</li></ul><h2> </h2><h3>Designing Scalable HF PCBAs for Diverse DAS Applications</h3>Here are some important considerations to keep in mind when designing PCB assemblies for microcells and DAS to handle high-frequency signals.<table><thead><tr><th><h5>Design Factor</h5></th><th><h5>Design Tips</h5></th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>Material Selection</td><td>Choose a dielectric with a low-loss tangent to minimize signal loss and maximize power delivery. Choose a dielectric with a low dielectric constant for fast signal propagation. Choose a dielectric that maintains consistent loss tangent and dielectric constant across temperature variations and the application’s bandwidth. Use smooth, low-profile copper to decrease conductor loss, maintain faster signal velocity, and reduce phase angle response changes. To avoid unwanted resonances, keep dielectric thickness and conductor width below one-tenth of the wavelength at the frequency of interest.</td></tr><tr><td>Fabrication &amp; Assembly Process</td><td>Enig finishes can be used in some DAS applications, but other options may provide better performance. Avoid ENIG finishes if variations in Ni-plated thickness alter phase angle response too much. Use smoother plating alternatives like immersion tin (ImSn) or immersion silver (ImAg) instead. Ensure the fabrication process is well-controlled. Variations in conductor geometry, dielectric thickness, and dielectric properties during mass production can cause impedance mismatches in the PCB and alter the phase angle response. Reduce crosstalk by routing all traces perpendicular to each other, increasing the distance between layers, minimizing the gap between the signal and reference layers, and using differential routing techniques where possible. To reduce impedance mismatches, understand and appropriately apply termination schemes.</td></tr><tr><td>Thermal Management</td><td>Incorporate heat sinks, heat pipes, copper coins or inlays, and&nbsp;<a href="https://www.macrofab.com/blog/via-in-pad-pcb-design/" target="_blank">thermal vias</a> to efficiently dissipate heat. Consider using thermally conductive materials for the PCB substrate to enhance heat management.</td></tr><tr><td>Testing and Validation</td><td>Before fabricating your PCB boards, use <a href="https://www.macrofab.com/blog/pcba-signal-integrity-problems/" target="_blank">signal integrity (SI)</a> tools with strong capabilities to simulate and predict how impedance mismatches, crosstalk, inductance, propagation delays, and other factors will affect signal performance. Always include simulations for impedance, propagation delay, Method of Moments (MoM), and electromagnetic field in your testing protocol.</td></tr></tbody></table> <h2> </h2><h3>Conclusion</h3>As the demand for high-speed data continues to escalate, 5G has emerged as the vanguard of wireless communication technology. Characterized by its promise of enhanced data rates (up to 20 Gbps), increased capacity, reduced latency, improved reliability, flexibility, and advanced device-to-device communication, 5G systems are driving the evolution of wireless networks. To maintain a competitive edge, carriers are increasingly integrating microcells and DAS into their infrastructure to support 5G deployment.The realization of high-capacity, low-latency, and flexible 5G systems necessitates meticulous HF PCBA design within microcell and DAS components. This article has explored the critical design considerations and challenges associated with HF PCB assemblies in these applications.To successfully navigate the complexities of HF PCBA manufacturing, establishing a partnership with a skilled and experienced manufacturing partner is essential. A qualified manufacturer can provide the necessary expertise, resources, and capacity to produce high-quality HF PCBAs that meet stringent performance requirements and adhere to tight production timelines. <h4 id="isPasted">Stop chasing updates, and start making progress.</h4> <a href="https://factory.macrofab.com/quick_quote/?utm_source=direct&utm_medium=none" target="_blank">Get an Instant Quote now</a>

High-frequency circuits-like those utilized in microcells and DAS-are more sensitive to PCB material selection, fabrication, and assembly.

From Macrocells to Microcells: Designing Scalable High-Frequency PCBAs for Diversified DAS Applications

Explore the future of connected communities in intelligent cities and underserved regions, highlighting the role of technologies like 5G, AI, and blockchain in enhancing connectivity and promoting inclusive development.

Connecting the Future: Bridging the Digital Divide in Intelligent Cities and Underserved Regions

The future of data, Edge Data Center,  is equivalent to a mini data centre. Its proximity to enterprises eliminates latency and other limitations, giving access to real-time data. In this article, we will delve into its core concepts, advancements, operational challenges, and real-time applications.

What is an Edge Data Center: A Comprehensive Guide for Engineering Professionals

High-frequency devices, such as those used beyond 5G and 6G technologies, require precise and reliable signal transmission for optimal performance. High-frequency signals are more susceptible to noise interference, which can degrade the quality and integrity of the transmitted data. Noise mitigation is crucial to ensure that the intended signal is accurately received and interpreted.Traditionally, noise-absorbing materials have been used as an effective method of making noise. Noise absorbing materials are generally sheet or sponge type. However, these types are difficult to apply beyond5G/6G devices which become smaller and more complicated.<hr><h3 dir="auto" data-pm-slice="1 1 []" id="isPasted">We are speaking in Boston on 12-13 June 2024 at&nbsp;The Future of Electronics RESHAPED USA.&nbsp;<a href="https://www.techblick.com/electronicsreshapedusa" rel="noreferrer noopener" target="_blank" data-hook="WebLink">Register now and come to hear our talk</a></h3><img src="https://images.wevolver.com/eyJidWNrZXQiOiJ3ZXZvbHZlci1wcm9qZWN0LWltYWdlcyIsImtleSI6ImZyb2FsYS8xNzEyNjU4MDAyMzA1LVBhbmFzb25pYy1TcGVha2luZyAoQm9zdG9uIDIwMjQpLmpwZyIsImVkaXRzIjp7InJlc2l6ZSI6eyJ3aWR0aCI6OTUwLCJmaXQiOiJjb3ZlciJ9fX0=" style="width: 100%px;" class="fr-fic fr-dib">To solve this problem, we propose a noise-absorbing paste. Dispensable material can be easily installed in narrow spaces, suppressing noise inside electronic devices used in beyond 5G/6G, and contributing to improved quality and performance. Features:<ul><li>Dispensable</li><li>Good conformability</li><li>High frequencies over 100GHz</li></ul><img src="https://images.wevolver.com/eyJidWNrZXQiOiJ3ZXZvbHZlci1wcm9qZWN0LWltYWdlcyIsImtleSI6ImZyb2FsYS8xNzEyNjU4MDYzNTExLWltZy0xLmpwZyIsImVkaXRzIjp7InJlc2l6ZSI6eyJ3aWR0aCI6OTUwLCJmaXQiOiJjb3ZlciJ9fX0=" style="width: 590px;" class="fr-fic fr-dib">Figure 1: Paste Noise Absorber<img src="https://images.wevolver.com/eyJidWNrZXQiOiJ3ZXZvbHZlci1wcm9qZWN0LWltYWdlcyIsImtleSI6ImZyb2FsYS8xNzEyNjU4MDg3NzIxLXRhYmxlLTEuanBnIiwiZWRpdHMiOnsicmVzaXplIjp7IndpZHRoIjo5NTAsImZpdCI6ImNvdmVyIn19fQ==" style="width: 592px;" class="fr-fic fr-dib">Table 1: Properties<img src="https://images.wevolver.com/eyJidWNrZXQiOiJ3ZXZvbHZlci1wcm9qZWN0LWltYWdlcyIsImtleSI6ImZyb2FsYS8xNzEyNjU4MTQxMTExLWltZy0yLmpwZyIsImVkaXRzIjp7InJlc2l6ZSI6eyJ3aWR0aCI6OTUwLCJmaXQiOiJjb3ZlciJ9fX0=" style="width: 597px;" class="fr-fic fr-dib">Figure 2: Absorption vs frequency<hr><h3>Case 1： For solving cavity resonance. </h3><img src="https://images.wevolver.com/eyJidWNrZXQiOiJ3ZXZvbHZlci1wcm9qZWN0LWltYWdlcyIsImtleSI6ImZyb2FsYS8xNzEyNjU4MjA1MzExLWltZy0zLmpwZyIsImVkaXRzIjp7InJlc2l6ZSI6eyJ3aWR0aCI6OTUwLCJmaXQiOiJjb3ZlciJ9fX0=" style="width: 632px;" class="fr-fic fr-dib">Figure 3: MMIC on antenna module. Radiation noise of MMIC resonating in the cavity affects the antenna characteristics. (Figure.3). Noise absorbing paste can be installed on small space, and attenuating cavity resonance.<hr><h3>Case 2: For solving noise radiation from board patterns</h3><img src="https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/wevolver-project-images/froala%2F1712658345791-img-4.jpg" style="width: 574px;" class="fr-fic fr-dib">Figure.4 Noise radiation from board patterns. &nbsp; &nbsp;Noise radiation from board patterns contaminates the antenna circuit, and it affects antenna characteristics. Noise absorbing paste can be installed on circuit and solve noise radiation, because it has insulation properties. <hr><h3>We are exhibiting in Boston on 12-13 June 2024 at&nbsp;The Future of Electronics RESHAPED USA.&nbsp;<a href="https://www.techblick.com/electronicsreshapedusa" rel="noreferrer noopener" target="_blank" data-hook="WebLink">Register now and come to hear our talk</a></h3><img src="https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/wevolver-project-images/froala%2F1712658438514-Panasonic-We+are+Exhibiting.jpg" style="width: 100%px;" class="fr-fic fr-dib">

Paste Noise Absorber. Properties. Noise radiation from board patterns

Properties and application of paste technology for noise reduction in high frequency (110-170 GHz) electronic devices and packaging . This is a dispensable material can be easily installed in narrow spaces, suppressing noise inside electronic devices used in beyond 5G/6G

Paste Noise Absorber Technology for 5G and 6G Electronics and Packaging

In the future, the IoT will become ubiquitous with billions or even trillions of ‘things’ connected to the Cloud. These things aren’t just the PCs, servers, smart TVs, and smartphones traditionally associated with the Internet, they’re also small sensors and actuators—typically without a user interface—that monitor what’s going on in their environment and react accordingly. In metropolitan areas that could well mean millions of connected devices per square kilometer.Engineers are already coming up with solutions to solve the engineering problems the proliferation of connected devices will bring. And they’ve coined a phrase to describe these future high-density networks: “massive IoT”.<h2>The characteristics of massive IoT</h2>Networking and telecommunications company Ericsson describes massive IoT applications as generally being less latency sensitive and not required to handle large amounts of data per device; rather the applications comprise many low-cost, energy-efficient devices covering large areas with a high volume of connections. The growing demand for massive IoT is driven by the rising popularity of use cases that align with these parameters, for example wearables, smart buildings, smart meters, asset tracking, industrial automation, and smart agriculture.Just a few years ago, connecting all these small things to the IoT was difficult and relied on expensive and complex gateways because each device typically used a different, non-interoperable technology. However, today we have an elegant solution that does away with gateways and brings interoperability; called <a href="https://www.nordicsemi.com/Products/Wireless/Low-power-cellular-IoT" target="_blank">cellular IoT</a>, if comprises LTE for Machine-Type Communications (LTE-M) and Narrowband Internet of Things (NB-IoT) technology<h2>The power of cellular connectivity&nbsp;</h2>Cellular IoT LPWANs are growing quickly due to their efficient, cost-effective, and long-range wireless connections between WLANs and the Cloud. Because cellular IoT uses regulated spectrum, access to the network is tightly controlled - with each device requiring a Subscriber Identity Module (SIM). While cellular IoT attracts data charges, it ensures widespread, robust, interference-free, and highly secure connectivity, suitable for massive IoT.Analyst Statista says that LTE-M and NB-IoT together make up 47 percent of the current LPWAN market, making them the leading choices for secure and reliable long-range connectivity.LTE-M is best suited to applications requiring relatively high uplink and downlink speeds. It is also ideal for mobile applications, such as asset tracking. In contrast, NB-IoT focuses on static applications with better indoor and underground coverage, the trade-off being lower throughput.&nbsp;<h2>Updated for 5G</h2>While NB-IoT and LTE-M were originally created as part of the 4G LTE standard, they have now become part of the latest 5G standard (defined by the ITU Radiocommunication Sector (ITU-R)) ensuring ongoing adaptation as the network matures.This evolution is crucial, as the next phase of massive IoT development will rely on these 5G networks. Specifically, engineers are focusing on ‘massive machine type communication’ (mMTC), which will use low power wireless connectivity for widespread machine-to-machine (M2M) applications. The technology will be designed to support up to one million devices per kilometer.<h2>DECT NR+: The non-cellular alternative for massive IoT</h2>NB-IoT and LTE-M are evolving to meet the needs of mMTC, but they won’t be alone; <a href="https://www.nordicsemi.com/Products/Wireless/DECT-NR" target="_blank">DECT NR+</a> (“NR+”) also meets all the technical requirements for mMTC. NR+ is defined as a 5G technology, but while it shares some technology with cellular protocols it is not itself a cellular protocol.NR+ operates in the 1.9 GHz global, license-free spectrum, which lowers operational costs as there are no data charges. Instead of having to use licensed networks, engineers can build high-density private mesh networks without the need for SIMs. These networks can cover hundreds of meters indoors or several kilometers outdoors, accommodating up to four billion unique radio devices in a single network. They can also be customized to support high data rates (up to several gigabits per second) or low power consumption (below 10 microamps on average).<h2>Low cost, large scale connectivity</h2>NR+ ensures reliability and low latency, making it suitable for important applications like key infrastructure. It is also reliable and robust because it uses self-healing mesh networking techniques, meaning that if one point fails, data can still be transmitted and received using the remaining nodes. NR+ also promises latencies similar to those of wired networks. For instance, Nordic’s first nRF91 Series-based NR+ solution offers one-millisecond latency between devices and a throughput of three megabits per second. This performance is applicable to densities of up to one million devices per square kilometer - making NR+ well suited to massive IoT applications.&nbsp;<h2>Nordic introduces solutions for massive IoT</h2>The Nordic <a href="https://www.nordicsemi.com/Nordic-news/2023/06/Nordic-introduces-end-to-end-cellular-IoT-solution-with-announcement-of-new-nRF91-Series-SiPs" target="_blank">product lineup has expanded to add NR+ solutions</a> to its existing cellular IoT products. Joining the <a href="https://www.nordicsemi.com/Products/nRF9160" target="_blank">nRF9160</a> SiP are the <a href="https://www.nordicsemi.com/Products/nRF9161" target="_blank">nRF9161</a>, <a href="https://www.nordicsemi.com/Products/nRF9151" target="_blank">nRF9151</a> and <a href="https://www.nordicsemi.com/Products/nRF9131" target="_blank">nRF9131</a> LTE-M/NB-IoT and NR+ solutions. These new products not only broaden the scope of cellular IoT but also introduce NR+ support and capabilities to the technology for the first time.By providing support for a future massive IoT, cellular IoT and NR+ technology will not only boost productivity, enhance leisure activities, and improve education, but will also us address global challenges like climate change, sustainable living, resource conservation, and improved health - creating a better world for all.

In the future, the IoT will become ubiquitous with billions or even trillions of ‘things’ connected to the Cloud. These things aren’t just the PCs, servers, smart TVs, and smartphones traditionally associated with the Internet, they’re also small sensors and actuators

Building high-density IoT networks with cellular IoT and DECT NR+

<h1 dir="ltr" id="isPasted">Introduction</h1>The dawn of 5G has ushered in a new era in telecommunications, a transformative wave that goes beyond mere speed enhancements. Unlike its predecessor, 4G, 5G is not just an upgrade; it's a complete reinvention of the network fabric. It promises gigabit speeds, ultra-low latency, and a level of network reliability we've never seen before. This seismic shift is poised to make a significant impact on various sectors, such as mobile broadband, autonomous vehicles, and remote healthcare, fueling our increasingly hyperconnected digital world.&nbsp;In this article, we delve into the heart of the 5G revolution: the advanced chipsets that are the backbone of this technological leap. Through this article, we aim to unfold the layers of 5G technology, particularly focusing on the role and optimization of chipsets that enable this new era of connectivity.&nbsp;The discussion will also extend to the diverse applications these chipsets enable, casting light on their impact on industries and consumer experiences alike. Additionally, we will explore the role of Synopsys in this evolution, highlighting how their contributions in design, verification, software security, and IP are shaping the future of 5G.<h1 dir="ltr">The Heart of 5G: Advanced Chipset Design</h1>5G chip design is a critical area of development in modern telecommunications, playing a vital role in enabling the advanced capabilities of 5G networks. Tracing the evolution of chipset technology reveals a remarkable journey that mirrors the progression of telecommunications. From the rudimentary designs of the 1G era, focused merely on voice communication, to the 2G chipsets that introduced digital signals and SMS, each step has been pivotal.<div dir="ltr" align="left"><table><tbody><tr><td>Generation</td><td>Key Feature</td><td>Speed</td><td>Latency</td><td>Primary Technology</td><td>Launch Year</td><td>Use Case</td></tr><tr><td>1G</td><td>Analog Voice</td><td>Up to 2.4 Kbps</td><td>High (Not measured)</td><td>Analog Cellular</td><td>1980s</td><td>Voice Calls</td></tr><tr><td>2G</td><td>Digital Voice and SMS</td><td>Up to 64 Kbps</td><td>High (Not measured)</td><td>Digital Cellular, GSM</td><td>Early 1990s</td><td>Voice, SMS</td></tr><tr><td>3G</td><td>Mobile Data and Internet</td><td>Up to 2 Mbps</td><td>~100ms</td><td>UMTS, CDMA2000</td><td>Early 2000s</td><td>Internet, Video Calling</td></tr><tr><td>4G</td><td>High-Speed Internet Access</td><td>Up to 1 Gbps</td><td>~30-50ms</td><td>LTE, WiMAX</td><td>Late 2000s</td><td>HD Video, High-Speed Internet</td></tr><tr><td>5G</td><td>Enhanced Speed and Connectivity</td><td>Up to 20 Gbps</td><td>As low as 1ms</td><td>mmWave, Massive MIMO</td><td>2019</td><td>IoT, Autonomous Vehicles, AR/VR</td></tr></tbody></table></div>Table 1: Overview of the progression from 1G to 5G, highlighting key features, speed, latency, primary technologies, launch years, and typical use cases. (The exact values can vary based on the specific technologies and implementations in different regions.)The advent of 3G brought chipsets capable of supporting internet data and video calling, while 4G chipsets revolutionized mobile internet with unprecedented speeds and connectivity. Today, as we stand on the brink of realizing the full promise of 5G technology, the role of chipsets has evolved beyond measure. These modern chipsets, with their unparalleled processing power and efficiency, are not just incremental upgrades but a fundamental reimagining.Here are some key trends influencing 5G chip design:<ul id="isPasted"><li dir="ltr">Carrier Aggregation and Massive MIMO (Multiple Input, Multiple Output):&nbsp;Carrier aggregation combines multiple frequency bands into a single connection. It's essential for 5G as it allows for more efficient use of available spectrum, leading to higher data rates and better network coverage. Massive MIMO involves using numerous antennas at the transmitter and receiver to improve communication performance. In 5G, massive MIMO significantly increases capacity and spectral efficiency, enabling more users to be served simultaneously.</li><li dir="ltr">Utilization of mmWave Spectrum:&nbsp;The mmWave (millimeter-wave) spectrum refers to frequency bands above 24 GHz. Its utilization in 5G opens opportunities for incredibly high data rates and capacity. But despite its advantages, mmWave frequencies have limitations like shorter range and higher susceptibility to physical obstructions. This necessitates advanced technologies in chip design for signal processing and beamforming to ensure reliable connectivity.</li><li dir="ltr">Managing Increased Data Throughput and Energy:&nbsp;With the higher data rates of 5G, chipsets must efficiently handle increased data throughput. As data throughput increases, maintaining energy efficiency becomes challenging. 5G chips must be designed to optimize power consumption to extend device battery life, especially in mobile devices.</li><li dir="ltr">Performance Optimization:&nbsp;Optimizing the performance of 5G chipsets involves enhancing data transmission speeds while ensuring that the bandwidth and processing capabilities meet the rigorous demands of 5G networks. This includes adaptive technologies that can adjust performance based on network conditions.</li><li dir="ltr">Integration and Versatility:&nbsp;5G chips must integrate various technologies like beamforming, advanced modulation schemes, and error correction algorithms. At the same time, they should be versatile enough to operate across different 5G network deployments, standards, and frequencies, adapting to varied requirements globally.</li><li dir="ltr">Advanced Manufacturing and Materials:&nbsp;Utilizing advanced semiconductor materials and manufacturing techniques is crucial to create chips that are not only powerful but also compact, efficient, and capable of high-speed data processing. The use of advanced materials like Gallium Nitride (GaN) and Silicon Carbide (SiC) is becoming more common in 5G chips. These materials can handle higher power densities and operate efficiently at higher frequencies.[1]</li><li dir="ltr">Security and Reliability:&nbsp;Enhanced security features in 5G chips are essential, given their use in critical applications. Reliable performance is vital in scenarios like autonomous vehicles and internet of things (IoT), where consistent connectivity is crucial.</li></ul>Suggested reading: <a href="https://www.wevolver.com/article/silicon-level-security-a-deep-dive-into-secure-interfaces" target="_blank">Silicon-Level Security: A Deep Dive into Secure Interfaces</a><h1 dir="ltr">Expanding the 5G Landscape</h1>The applications of 5G technology span across various landscapes, offering transformative possibilities due to its higher speeds, lower latency, and greater capacity compared to previous generations of mobile networks. Here's a look at some of these applications across different sectors:<ul><li dir="ltr">Telecommunications: The most direct application of 5G is in enhancing mobile broadband. Users experience faster download speeds, more reliable internet connections on smartphones, and other mobile devices, significantly improving streaming of video and music, and facilitating more efficient web browsing and data download.</li><li dir="ltr">IoT:&nbsp;5G is a game-changer for IoT. Its ability to support a vast number of connected devices simultaneously allows for the rapid expansion of IoT ecosystems. This includes smart homes, where appliances can communicate seamlessly with each other, and smart cities, where IoT can help manage everything from traffic control to energy use.</li><li dir="ltr">Healthcare:&nbsp;5G technology can revolutionize healthcare by enabling telemedicine, remote monitoring, and consultations, which are especially crucial in rural or underserved areas. It also enhances the capabilities of wearable health devices and supports real-time data transmission, vital for patient monitoring and management.</li><li dir="ltr">Automotive Industry:&nbsp;In the automotive sector, 5G facilitates the development and use of autonomous vehicles. With its low latency and high-speed communication, it allows for faster data transfer, essential for the real-time decision-making required in autonomous driving systems.</li></ul>Suggested Reading:&nbsp;<a href="https://www.wevolver.com/article/ramping-up-automotive-soc-performance-through-silicon-lifecycle-management" target="_blank">Ramping up Automotive SoC Performance Through Silicon Lifecycle Management</a><ul><li dir="ltr">Manufacturing:&nbsp;5G can significantly improve industrial automation. With its high reliability and low latency, it supports machine-to-machine communications, enhancing operational efficiency in factories. It also enables real-time monitoring and control of industrial processes.</li><li dir="ltr">Agriculture:&nbsp;5G can transform agriculture through precision farming techniques. It enables real-time data collection from various sensors, drones, and satellites, allowing for more efficient use of resources like water and fertilizers and better crop management.</li><li dir="ltr">Entertainment and Media:&nbsp;In the entertainment sector, 5G unlocks new possibilities for virtual reality (VR) and augmented reality (AR), offering more immersive experiences with higher resolution and less latency. It also transforms the way we stream and consume media, supporting ultra-high-definition and 360-degree video streaming.</li><li dir="ltr">Retail:&nbsp;In retail, 5G enhances customer experiences through AR and VR, allowing customers to try products virtually. It also improves the efficiency of supply chains and logistics through better tracking and management systems.</li><li dir="ltr">Education:&nbsp;5G can impact education by enabling interactive and immersive learning experiences through AR and VR. It also supports the proliferation of online learning, providing high-quality, real-time video streaming and interactive online classrooms.</li><li dir="ltr">Emergency Services:&nbsp;For emergency services, 5G's reliability and speed improve communication during critical situations. It supports better coordination among emergency responders and enables the use of drones for surveillance and assessment in disaster-hit areas.</li><li dir="ltr">Smart Grids:&nbsp;5G supports the development of smart grids in the energy sector, enabling better demand response, grid management, and integration of renewable energy sources.</li><li dir="ltr">Smart Cities:&nbsp;Beyond enhancing basic urban services, 5G enables comprehensive, real-time urban management. This involves integrating IoT across various city functions, from traffic and public transport systems to energy grids and waste management. 5G's high bandwidth and low latency support the deployment of smart city solutions like intelligent traffic lights, which adapt to traffic flow in real time, reducing congestion and pollution. It also facilitates advanced public safety measures, such as real-time surveillance with high-definition video feeds, helping in quicker response to incidents. Additionally, 5G aids in the development of smart buildings, which optimize energy use and improve living conditions, creating a more sustainable and efficient urban environment.</li></ul><h1 dir="ltr">Powering the 5G Revolution with Synopsys</h1><a href="https://www.synopsys.com/" target="_blank" id="isPasted">Synopsys</a> stands as a key player in the 5G revolution, primarily through its advanced design and verification tools, software security solutions, and semiconductor intellectual properties (IPs). These contributions are crucial for the development of advanced chipsets as well as telecommunication and network infrastructure that support 5G speed, bandwidth, and data throughput demands. Here’s a closer look at how Synopsys is helping designers safe and seamless mobile experiences.&nbsp;<h2 dir="ltr"><iframe width="640" height="360" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/fGacvKMkA3c?&amp;ab_channel=Synopsys&amp;wmode=opaque&amp;enablejsapi=1&amp;origin=https://www.wevolver.com" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen="" class="fr-draggable" data-lf-form-tracking-inspected-kn9eq4roawkarlvp="true" data-lf-yt-playback-inspected-kn9eq4roawkarlvp="true" data-lf-vimeo-playback-inspected-kn9eq4roawkarlvp="true"></iframe></h2><h2 dir="ltr" id="isPasted">Synopsys’ Electronic Design Automation (EDA) Tools</h2><a href="https://www.synopsys.com/silicon-design.html" target="_blank">Synopsys’ EDA tools</a>, which are available on the cloud, are vital in the design and development of semiconductor chips used in 5G technology. These tools enable engineers to create complex designs required for the high-speed, high-efficiency demands of 5G. By providing a platform for simulation, verification, and analysis, Synopsys helps in addressing the challenges of designing 5G-related hardware, ensuring that the chips meet the required performance, power, and area (PPA) metrics. Their portfolio includes a comprehensive front-to-back flow for radio frequency (RF) ICs that shortens turnaround times, enabling designers to deliver reliable RF designs with high levels of RF performance. What’s more, as a pioneer in AI-driven EDA, Synopsys enhances productivity and silicon outcomes through the semiconductor industry’s <a href="https://www.synopsys.com/ai.html#opt" target="_blank">first full-stack AI-driven EDA solution</a> and the <a href="https://www.synopsys.com/blogs/chip-design/copilot-generative-ai-chip-design.html" target="_blank">industry’s first generative AI capability for chip design</a>.&nbsp;<h2 dir="ltr">Synopsys’ Silicon-Proven IP</h2>In addition to design and verification solutions, Synopsys offers a broad portfolio of silicon-proven<a href="https://www.synopsys.com/designware-ip/ip-market-segments/5g-mobile.html" target="_blank">IP</a> for 5G mobile infrastructure and 5G mobile phones. Synopsys provides the industry’s broadest portfolio of interface IP, data converter IP, and security IP. In addition, the company also features in its portfolio processor solutions that provide the capacity and performance needed by 5G infrastructure applications and the processing efficiency, GHz channel bandwidth, high-speed chip-to-chip communications, and data security required by mobile devices. By using these pre-designed and pre-verified components, chipmakers can minimize integration risks and accelerate their development processes, reducing time-to-market for 5G devices.<h2 dir="ltr">Security and Quality</h2>Beyond hardware design, Synopsys also plays a role in ensuring software quality and security, which is critical in the 5G era. With the network's expanded bandwidth and connectivity, securing data and maintaining robust software in 5G infrastructure becomes paramount. Synopsys provides software analysis tools and services to identify vulnerabilities and ensure high software standards, contributing to the overall reliability and security of 5G networks. Their fuzz testing solution for 5G protocols helps to uncover and protect against security weaknesses in software.&nbsp;Visit&nbsp;<a href="https://www.synopsys.com/5g.html" target="_blank" id="isPasted">Synopsys 5G Design Solutions &amp; Technology</a> page to find out more about the latest advancements in 5G.<img src="https://images.wevolver.com/eyJidWNrZXQiOiJ3ZXZvbHZlci1wcm9qZWN0LWltYWdlcyIsImtleSI6ImZyb2FsYS8xNzA1NDk5MTY0ODM5LTE3MDU0OTkxNjQ4MzkucG5nIiwiZWRpdHMiOnsicmVzaXplIjp7IndpZHRoIjo5NTAsImZpdCI6ImNvdmVyIn19fQ==" width="720" height="91" class="fr-fic fr-dii"><h1 dir="ltr" id="isPasted">Conclusion</h1>This article outlined the critical aspects of 5G technology, emphasizing advanced chipsets and the role of companies like Synopsys in their evolution. We've covered how 5G differs from its predecessors in speed, efficiency, and application range, impacting industries from telecommunications to healthcare and automotive. The article also discussed the challenges and innovations in 5G development, particularly in terms of network deployment, spectrum utilization, and energy efficiency.As we progress, the ongoing advancement in 5G technology will continue to open new possibilities for connectivity and applications. The future of 5G lies in its ability to support more innovative and efficient communication solutions, paving the way for further advancements in network capabilities and industrial applications. This evolution marks a significant step in our journey towards an even more connected world.<h1 dir="ltr">References</h1>[1] Wolfspeed. GaN on SiC: The Optimal Solution for 5G [Internet]. 2019 Feb 26. Available from: <a href="https://www.wolfspeed.com/knowledge-center/article/gan-on-sic-the-optimal-solution-for-5g/" target="_blank">https://www.wolfspeed.com/knowledge-center/article/gan-on-sic-the-optimal-solution-for-5g/</a>[2] Rizzatti L. Developing and verifying 5G designs: A unique challenge [Internet]. EDN. 2023 May 9. Available from: <a href="https://www.edn.com/developing-and-verifying-5g-designs-a-unique-challenge/" target="_blank">https://www.edn.com/developing-and-verifying-5g-designs-a-unique-challenge/</a>[3] Synopsys. Designing Application-Specific Processors for Wireless 5G SoCs [Internet]. Available from: <a href="https://www.synopsys.com/dw/doc.php/wp/ASIP_5g_wireless_WP.pdf" target="_blank" data-lf-fd-inspected-kn9eq4roawkarlvp="true">https://www.synopsys.com/dw/doc.php/wp/ASIP_5g_wireless_WP.pdf</a>

Advanced chips are critical in unlocking unparalleled speed, connectivity, and efficiency in modern telecommunications.

How Advanced Chipsets Fuel the 5G Revolution

I&#39;ve argued before that the IoT is more than hype. In fact, there is no question today that the IoT has gone mainstream.A few application examples include asset tracking, advanced medical and sports wearables, both consumer and professional, and smart home. And the functionality and intelligence, in other words the usefulness, of all IoT applications are being further enhanced by machine learning (ML) and edge processing powered by AI in the cloud. There is no question that the IoT has finally arrived and is here to stay. The question is now: where is it going next?<h2>The future of IoT is massive</h2>I regard the IoT as like a luxury that if you&#39;ve never had you don&#39;t miss. But if you&#39;ve ever experienced its benefits, you can&rsquo;t forget them. Achieving 10 times more with 10 times less by doing it 10x smarter is very compelling. And that means like other successful platform technologies&mdash;for example, cellular&mdash;demand for what the IoT does best will boom massively in the years and decades ahead.That requires the network to expand. And this scaling will be important to the point of existential need if both public and commercial organizations are to reach sustainability by delivering more with less.Because the truth is we&rsquo;re not going to save the planet and conserve and protect vital scarce resources, or combat climate change, or feed the world, without the IoT. That means the IoT at the massive scale cannot arrive soon enough.<h2>What&#39;s been holding massive IoT back?</h2>The only reason massive IoT hasn&#39;t truly arrived yet is that it wasn&#39;t technologically or commercially viable before now for massive&nbsp;machine-to-machine (M2M)&nbsp;type communication.This scale isn&#39;t thousands of devices. It&#39;s millions. It&#39;s billions. And it&#39;s going to one day be trillions of connected IoT sensors and device &#39;things&#39; at installation densities of a million devices per square kilometer.This presents a massive wireless engineering challenge. Especially given that the typical IoT &#39;thing&#39; will be battery-powered and so have relatively limited power and computing capabilities. Moreover, the physical wireless network and its operational optimization must be &lsquo;off-the-scale&rsquo; better compared to anything that has gone before.Although there have been admirable proprietary attempts to solve this problem, I can&#39;t see a long-term future for these. If a business or government organization is going to invest millions if not billions of dollars in any technology, they will need to know that technology is going to be viable not just years but decades from now.Historically, the only way the tech and wireless communication sector has managed to deliver such longevity is via standards that encourage large mutivendor ecosystems. It&rsquo;s simply too risky to the point of reckless to rely only on only one vendor to supply and support a technology upon which you are vitally reliant.This is why I believe the future of massive IoT is now in the hands of two complementary 5G standard wireless IoT technologies that were built from day one to support massive IoT low power wide area (LPWA) networks: cellular IoT and DECT NR+.<h2>Cellular IoT</h2><a href="https://www.nordicsemi.com/Products/Low-power-cellular-IoT" target="_blank">Cellular IoT</a> is the IoT-targeted LPWAN version of cellular wireless technology. From 4G, and now in 5G, this comes in two flavors: LTE for Machine-Type Communications (LTE-M) and Narrowband Internet of Things (NB-IoT).Both LTE-M and NB-IoT offer the same legendary reliability and security benefits of cellular worldwide. But with power consumption levels that support multi-year operation from small, lightweight batteries that make traditional mobile and smartphone batteries look huge in energy capacity comparison terms. Cellular IoT offers global geographical coverage in or near to every population center and was designed for massive IoT scaling from the ground up.This means almost any &lsquo;thing&rsquo; can now be connected to the world&rsquo;s cellular networks without a gateway. In industrial IoT, for example, this might mean the ability to monitor the location and contents of shipping containers and key industrial assets, or how well plant machinery is operating and the probability of failure (from maybe tell-tale changes in vibration, for example).However, having access to a ubiquitous, secure, reliable, global network that already exists doesn&rsquo;t come free. And nor would you want it to be free for it to support a commercially viable and self-sustaining free market in the long-term.What underpins the security and reliability is that your device must be certified for operation on the network. And the data you send will have to be sent via an established carrier. All that means cost and a certain degree of complexity, although both are falling all the time. This is why I believe cellular IoT will become a mainstay of massive IoT in the future whenever an application requires global connectivity.<h2>DECT NR+</h2>While 4G provided a platform for cellular IoT, 5G is the first radio standard defined with truly massive IoT in mind. <a href="https://www.nordicsemi.com/Products/DECT-NR" rel="noopener" target="_blank">DECT New Radio (NR)+</a> (originally called &#39;DECT-2020 NR&#39;) is the world&#39;s first non-cellular wireless technology to become a full 5G standard.In my opinion, DECT NR+ fills the gap in the LPWAN market that proprietary alternatives have previously been the only ones to address. Namely: if you don&#39;t require global operation and instead only need to operate within a geographically-defined area, then enterprise IoT and public customers can now build their own &lsquo;private&rsquo; network that supports low-cost data. Example use cases include asset tracking, smart city, and smart energy.DECT NR+&rsquo;s 1.9 GHz operating frequency is a global, license-free spectrum allocation (with the current exception of Japan, India, and China). It forms a single, secure, and reliable radio standard that is future-proofed and scalable. Moreover, because it is license free, DECT NR+ incurs no data charges, making it cheaper to run than its licensed equivalents.With DECT NR+ users can deploy their own private networks. Private networks that use some of the proven technology that underpins the highly secure and ultra reliable global cellular infrastructure. As such, the technology promises to democratize 5G wireless by allowing massive IoT deployments with all the benefits of cellular, but at a much lower cost.<h2>Managing the massive</h2>I predict that over the next decade hundred-million-unit-plus IoT deployments will become routine across the globe. Every commercial and public organization in the world will need to deliver to this 10 times more with 10 times less for them and the planet to survive. Preventable waste and inefficiency will have to become fragments of a pre-massive IoT past.To me that means massive IoT will become an almost &lsquo;no choice&rsquo; option in countless applications in hundreds if not thousands of industries and markets over the coming decade.Massive IoT is going to completely transform how we live, work, and play in ways unimaginable to us today. And in doing so make the world a safer, greener, healthier, and ultimately better place to live.<hr>This article was first published on Nordic&#39;s&nbsp;<a href="https://blog.nordicsemi.com/getconnected" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" id="isPasted"></a><a href="https://blog.nordicsemi.com/getconnected?utm_campaign=2021%20wevolver" target="_blank" rel="nofollow">Get Connected Blog</a>. &nbsp;

I've argued before that the IoT is more than hype. In fact, there is no question today that the IoT has gone mainstream.

Massive hype to massive IoT

Signals Transmission and Reception via Satellite

This article provides a detailed overview of the principles, components, types, applications, and future trends of Remote I/O technology.

Understanding Remote I-O: An In-depth Exploration

Uninterrupted consistent network coverage has historically been, and still is, hard to achieve. Cellular and wireless networks come with particular limitations, offering fragmented connectivity and use across devices. Power efficiency makes this challenge even more difficult as devices require a continuously active connection.To solve this challenge, we set out to test LTE CAT-1 as a new solution.Our goal was to test continuous strong connectivity even in the remotest of areas where the technology infrastructure significantly lags behind the developed world and connectivity is low.&nbsp;The question we asked ourselves was, could we bridge this wide gap and provide reliable internet access even in the areas with the weakest connectivity infrastructure?Turns out, we could.Sodaq leads the world&nbsp;in low-power sensing and tracking. To tackle the connectivity challenge, we partnered&nbsp;with Monogoto &ndash; a&nbsp;software-defined connectivity platform that offers cloud-based connectivity for next-gen devices.&nbsp;&nbsp;<img data-fr-image-pasted="true" src="https://monogoto.io/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/6Y3A0857-1024x683.jpg" alt="An Epic Quest to Validate Continuous Global Connectivity" width="800" height="534" srcset="https://monogoto.io/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/6Y3A0857-1024x683.jpg 1024w, https://monogoto.io/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/6Y3A0857-300x200.jpg 300w, https://monogoto.io/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/6Y3A0857-768x512.jpg 768w, https://monogoto.io/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/6Y3A0857-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https://monogoto.io/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/6Y3A0857-2048x1365.jpg 2048w" sizes="(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px" class="fr-fic fr-dii">&nbsp;Through this partnership, we live-tested multiple tracking devices across Europe and Africa. An airplane carried multiple SODAQ-manufactured devices with the NINA/LENA series of U-blox, powered by Monogoto connectivity. Each tracking device showed the route traveled and reported from each landing location.The journey covered 10 countries, beginning in Europe, following the Nile River through Egypt and Sudan, and continuing towards the east African coastal region of Tanzania before heading further south to Mozambique, Malawi, Zimbabwe, Botswana, and finally South Africa.&nbsp;Other technologies haven&rsquo;t solved it yetAt the Mobile World Congress 2018, it was highlighted that LTE-M and NB-IoT, both&nbsp;<a data-wpel-link="external" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Low-power_wide-area_network" rel="external noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">low-power wide-area network</a> <a data-wpel-link="external" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_communication" rel="external noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">radio communication</a> technologies for connected devices, could not solve the connectivity challenge in countries with limited IoT capabilities. It would take years to deploy these technologies due to the resource-intensive work required for roaming contracts with multiple providers. This may contribute to the reason why chip and module vendors have noted that sales of LPWAN modules did not meet original estimations.&nbsp;Testing a new way: LTE CAT-1LTE CAT-1 is a ubiquitous technology used by smartphones all over the world and we believed it could offer low-cost and low-power connectivity. CAT-1 technology has been in development for years and its potential to revolutionize global connectivity has been long anticipated. Devices with LTE (Long-Term Evolution) technology are capable of achieving higher data transfer speeds compared to older generations like 2G or 3G.&nbsp;Because it is compatible with older network technologies such as 2G and 3G, even countries with outdated infrastructure can leverage their existing 2G and 3G networks. Plus, the focus on wider coverage allows network providers to extend their services to remote or rural areas that may not have had access to cellular connectivity before.&nbsp;What we learnedWe learned that true global connectivity could be achieved.&nbsp;Our key takeaway is that CAT-1 is well positioned to provide continuous coverage even in the remotest of areas &ndash; it has the benefit of being highly efficient, and needing low power usage, without the downside of CAT-M or NB-IoT coverage limitations. Our partner Monogoto was able to provide that connectivity directly and we look forward to seeing what comes next of the partnership.

In today’s world, continuous connectivity sounds like an everyday given. But delivering it is far from simple.

An Epic Quest to Validate Continuous Global Connectivity

<h2 id="isPasted">What are the &quot;terahertz waves&quot; that are expected to be utilized in Beyond 5G/6G?</h2>Terahertz waves are positioned within the classification of electromagnetic waves* between microwaves, milliwaves, and other &quot;radio waves&quot; and visible light and other forms of &quot;light&quot; (Figure 1). This generally refers to the frequency domain from 100GHz to 10THz (terahertz) and the wavelength domain from 3mm to around 30&mu;m, or in other words, the domain where radio waves overlap with light.As radio waves that are close to light, terahertz waves have the properties of penetrating and being absorbed by substances. It is said that terahertz waves can be applied to sensing and imaging in a wide range of fields from the compositional analysis of substances to planetary exploration by unmanned spacecraft according to the light absorption patterns measured using these properties. Moreover, because terahertz waves have less energy than visible light, there is no risk of radiation exposure as with X-rays, and they do not require management qualifications, which is a key feature. Because they have no negative effects on the human body, terahertz waves can also be utilized for security checks such as verifying that users are not carrying any weapons or suspicious objects at airport gates or other public places, for example.*Electromagnetic waves: one form of energy similar to motion and heat. Refers to waves that propagate while electric fields (where electrical forces act) and magnetic fields (where magnetic forces act) change.<img src="https://images.wevolver.com/eyJidWNrZXQiOiJ3ZXZvbHZlci1wcm9qZWN0LWltYWdlcyIsImtleSI6ImZyb2FsYS8xNjgzMDQyMzU2ODk4LXRoei0xZW4ucG5nIiwiZWRpdHMiOnsicmVzaXplIjp7IndpZHRoIjo5NTAsImZpdCI6ImNvdmVyIn19fQ==" style="width: 766px;" class="fr-fic fr-dib">Figure 1 Domain of terahertz waves within electromagnetic (radio waves and light) waves&nbsp;Regarding the terahertz waves used in Beyond 5G/6G, the Federal Communications Commission, which manages communication radio waves in the US, has opened up a wide band from 95GHz to 3THz for research and experimental use. However, it is presumed that space development and other special applications are being considered as with the 94-GHz-milliwave frequency. In Japan, research and studies are being advanced within the band used by the Beyond 5G experimental test station in the band called &quot;sub-terahertz waves&quot; from 90GHz to 300GHz that can primarily use a wide bandwidth that is more than 10 times that of 5G milliwaves, and the practical application of terahertz waves from 100GHz to 1THz is expected as the general-purpose band for Beyond 5G/6G, which is anticipated to be realized in the 2030s. Because compatibility through device specifications and standards is deeply involved with new radio wave standards in the global supply chain, concerns about the development of international standards are increasing with the research and development of new devices.In 5G, Sub6 (3.7GHz/4.5GHz) radio waves with higher communication speed compared to 4G and that reach a wide area with few base stations, and milliwaves (28GHz/39GHz) with a narrow communication area with a communication speed that is about 16 times faster are used. In Beyond 5G/6G as well, efficient use of radio waves will be realized by using different bands according to the application.<h2>Terahertz-wave networks expected to function as sensors</h2>As mentioned above, terahertz waves are utilized in equipment for detecting and analyzing substances, but &quot;remote sensing&quot; technologies are also being researched to use terahertz-wave communication networks for the detection of objects and people, or to put it another way, utilizing the network itself as a sensor. Currently, infrared and LiDAR are used in automobiles as remote sensing technologies that use the reflection of light and radio waves. On the other hand, it is expected that terahertz waves, which are radio waves close to light, will have both broader sensing and high-speed and high-capacity data communication functions. For example, there are concepts for utilizing a wireless network composed of multiple base stations as if it were a transmission-type sensor or an image sensor through imaging with spatial resolution through the penetration and absorption properties of terahertz waves.<img src="https://images.wevolver.com/eyJidWNrZXQiOiJ3ZXZvbHZlci1wcm9qZWN0LWltYWdlcyIsImtleSI6ImZyb2FsYS8xNjgzMDQyMzc5NjMxLXRoei0yZW4ucG5nIiwiZWRpdHMiOnsicmVzaXplIjp7IndpZHRoIjo5NTAsImZpdCI6ImNvdmVyIn19fQ==" style="width: 766px;" class="fr-fic fr-dib">Figure 2 Depiction of communication and sensing using a terahertz-wave network&nbsp;If remote sensing using a wireless terahertz-wave network composed of terrestrial base stations can be realized, then detailed information regarding the weather, traffic volume, obstacles on the road, and the flow of people can be obtained in a faster manner (Figure 2). Moreover, AI will forecast traffic jams, crowds, etc. in greater detail based on big data obtained from the sensors of devices communicating using remote sensing to realize functions for selecting optimal routes. In addition, because such sensors can also detect the intrusion of a person into a site, they can be used as sensors for crime prevention, among various other applications.Furthermore, while the property of terahertz waves being easily absorbed by water sometimes becomes an issue, it is also said that this property can be used to search for trace amounts of moisture on celestial bodies. Because precipitation can be sensed through the propagation attenuation of radio waves through moisture, local rainfall and other weather information can be obtained with lower latency and higher precision. In this way, the combination of communication and sensing using a terahertz-wave network is likely to become a major step in the realization of an ultra-smart society.<img src="https://images.wevolver.com/eyJidWNrZXQiOiJ3ZXZvbHZlci1wcm9qZWN0LWltYWdlcyIsImtleSI6ImZyb2FsYS8xNjgzMDQyNDAyMTMzLXRoei0zLmpwZyIsImVkaXRzIjp7InJlc2l6ZSI6eyJ3aWR0aCI6OTUwLCJmaXQiOiJjb3ZlciJ9fX0=" style="width: 766px;" class="fr-fic fr-dib">Remote sensing with a terahertz-wave communication network to realize an ultra-smart society&nbsp;<h2 id="isPasted">Terahertz-wave wireless network issues and required technologies</h2>There is no shortage of technological issues in the practical application of terahertz-wave wireless networks. As stated above, terahertz waves, which are close to light, have a higher radio wave straightness than milliwaves, and possess the property of being easily affected by moisture (rain and atmospheric moisture) and obstacles (buildings, trees, people, etc.). The ability to detect the amount of rainfall, objects, the presence of people, etc. from the resulting radio wave propagation attenuation and those characteristics is an advantage. However, on the other hand, such properties of terahertz waves become a major issue with radio wave propagation in wireless networks. The reason is that in using terahertz waves as radio waves for wireless communication, the loss, absorption, blockage, transmission loss, and diffused reflections due to moisture and obstacles have the disadvantage of propagating radio waves far away in terms of the objective.Moreover, transmission and reception of Beyond 5G/6G requires communication control technologies and algorithms, device management, and AI and other system and software-side related technologies that can derive valuable information from sensing data and optimize control. At the same time, antennas, filters, amplifiers, mixers, local oscillators, etc. that support high-frequency and broadband radio waves can be cited as devices required for base stations and terminals. Developing these devices requires clearing issues due to the propagation characteristics of sub-terahertz and terahertz waves as well as miniaturization, low power consumption, heat dissipation, and stability.Recent research and future technology innovation in Beyond 5G/6G will provide a new UX (user experience) in various industries in the 2030s while also showing significant promise as one solution to various problems that are anticipated in the future and faced by many countries, such as the working population problem, changes in the natural environment, natural disasters, etc.<hr><img src="https://images.wevolver.com/eyJidWNrZXQiOiJ3ZXZvbHZlci1wcm9qZWN0LWltYWdlcyIsImtleSI6ImZyb2FsYS8xNjg0MTQ0NTIwNDM1LUFzayBhbiBleHBlcnQucG5nIiwiZWRpdHMiOnsicmVzaXplIjp7IndpZHRoIjo5NTAsImZpdCI6ImNvdmVyIn19fQ==" style="width: 766px;" class="fr-fic fr-dib">If you have any questions based on this article that you would like to discuss with an expert at Murata, don&#39;t hesitate to reach out. There&#39;s an entire team ready to support you with your question.<a class="button-main-action" href="https://www.murata.com/en-eu/contactform?&Detail=Wevolver%20request" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Get In Touch</a><hr>

Regarding the terahertz waves used in Beyond 5G/6G, the Federal Communications Commission, which manages communication radio waves in the US, has opened up a wide band from 95GHz to 3THz for research and experimental use. However, it is presumed that space development and other special applications are being considered as with the 94-GHz-milliwave frequency.

Communication and Sensing with Terahertz Waves Expected with Beyond 5G-6G

Cellular Vehicle-to-Everything (C-V2X) technology is transforming the transportation industry by enabling advanced communication between vehicles, infrastructure, and other road users. This breakthrough technology has the potential to improve road safety, reduce traffic congestion, and support the development of autonomous vehicles.

Designing C-V2X Communication Systems: Key Engineering Considerations and Best Practices

During Mobile World Congress 2023 in Barcelona, IoT Stars gathered the biggest players in IoT to discuss how to bring the pieces together and start making an impact that will shape the industry. <a href="https://iotstars.com" target="_blank">IoT Stars</a>, a community of IoT professionals focused on sharing knowledge and experiences, welcomed entrepreneurs, developers, engineers, investors and press from the IoT ecosystem.For the eighth annual installment of the event, IoT Stars brought together some of the top experts to discuss how to make a lasting impact.<h2 dir="ltr">Bringing all the pieces together</h2>The Internet of Things (IoT) industry is a dynamic and rapidly evolving landscape, with fast-falling pieces that need to be positioned intelligently in order to realize IoT use cases that generate value.<img src="https://images.wevolver.com/eyJidWNrZXQiOiJ3ZXZvbHZlci1wcm9qZWN0LWltYWdlcyIsImtleSI6ImZyb2FsYS8xNjc3NzgyOTQzMDAyLV9BNzQ4NjYwLmpwZyIsImVkaXRzIjp7InJlc2l6ZSI6eyJ3aWR0aCI6OTUwLCJmaXQiOiJjb3ZlciJ9fX0=" style="width: 766px;" class="fr-fic fr-dib">IoT Stars presenting IoTetrisThe pioneering work has been done as all individual IoT components are available as of today. Cellular connectivity is provided by innovative MVNOs like Soracom and IoT Creators. Or connectivity can be realized by building private networks using existing hardware from companies like RAKwireless and MultiTech in combination with software tools from Monogoto. Easy-to-implement antennas from Ignion and off-the-shelf hardware with advanced sensing capabilities from Kallipr are within our reach.<h2 dir="ltr">Making an impact in the IoT playfield</h2>A panel of experts discussed how we&rsquo;re making an impact as an industry and many agree that our biggest impacts lie in our customers&rsquo; success. <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/gerhard-loots-298bb93/?originalSubdomain=au" target="_blank">Gerhard Loots</a> from <a href="https://kallipr.com/" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Kallipr</a> shared a water utility business case that saved 250 million liters of water, and a rail track company that increased efficiency by $25 million in six months. &ldquo;That&#39;s not about our win. It&#39;s about their win&rdquo;, he concluded.<img src="https://images.wevolver.com/eyJidWNrZXQiOiJ3ZXZvbHZlci1wcm9qZWN0LWltYWdlcyIsImtleSI6ImZyb2FsYS8xNjc3NzgzNDEyNzM4LV9BNzQ4ODczLmpwZyIsImVkaXRzIjp7InJlc2l6ZSI6eyJ3aWR0aCI6OTUwLCJmaXQiOiJjb3ZlciJ9fX0=" style="width: 766px;" class="fr-fic fr-dib">Left to right: Jaap Groot, Daniel Quant, Gerhard Loots, Nicolas Lesconnec, Christine Perey<a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/christineperey/?originalSubdomain=ch" target="_blank">Christine Perey</a>, who moderated the panel discussion, believes that sharing our successes is what will have the biggest impact on the future. &ldquo;We don&rsquo;t want competitors to know about the advantage that we&rsquo;ve gained through the adoption of new technology. We have great success stories, but can&#39;t talk about them. We can&#39;t give data and yet the data is the thing that&#39;s going to really convince the next customer. So how do we address that?&rdquo;<h2 dir="ltr">There is impact, but why don&rsquo;t we see it?</h2>The IoT impact and use cases are clearly there &mdash; and there are many more examples &mdash; but they&rsquo;re just not always being shared. <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/nicolaslesconnec/?originalSubdomain=fr" target="_blank">Nicolas Lesconnec</a> from <a href="https://www.soracom.io" target="_blank">Soracom</a> believes one reason for this is that proven use cases are often not specifically IoT success stories. &ldquo;IoT is just one of the Tetris blocks. I love to speak about the IoT success story, but from the customer&rsquo;s point of view, IoT is just one tiny part of it.&rdquo;IoT antenna supplier&nbsp;<a href="https://ignion.io" style="background-color: transparent;" target="_blank">Ignion</a>&nbsp;is providing solutions that simplify hardware development and pave the way for the creation of maximum value. &ldquo;How we measure impact is simply by success, by the value that we can bring, and by what customers tell us,&rdquo; says&nbsp;<a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/grootjaap/" style="background-color: transparent;" target="_blank">Jaap Groot</a>. &ldquo;At the end of the day, 30 million+ antennas for products that are communicating today over networks... for us, that&#39;s impact. Nobody wants to talk about it: &lsquo;It&#39;s my big secret how I designed my device. It&#39;s so special that I don&#39;t want anybody to have this.&rsquo; We have to talk about success stories.&rdquo;<a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/danquant/" target="_blank">Daniel Quant</a> from <a href="https://www.multitech.com" target="_blank">Multitech</a>, which fulfilled a hand sanitizing solution of 6 million units last year, warned that &ldquo;when somebody in a segment does something disruptive, it doesn&#39;t take long before other companies follow.&rdquo;<h2 dir="ltr">Use cases of the future</h2>In order to show the innovative use cases that are shaping the future, IoT Stars invited leading companies to showcase real products that are on the market today.<img src="https://images.wevolver.com/eyJidWNrZXQiOiJ3ZXZvbHZlci1wcm9qZWN0LWltYWdlcyIsImtleSI6ImZyb2FsYS8xNjc3NzgzNjk2OTcwLV9BNzQ4NzA1LmpwZyIsImVkaXRzIjp7InJlc2l6ZSI6eyJ3aWR0aCI6OTUwLCJmaXQiOiJjb3ZlciJ9fX0=" style="width: 766px;" class="fr-fic fr-dib">Laurens Slats (left) in conversation with Itamar Kunik from Monogoto<a href="https://monogoto.io" target="_blank">Monogoto</a> set out to simplify connectivity, recognizing that innovation lies in simplifying processes for developers. <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/itamar-kunik-0142031/?originalSubdomain=il" target="_blank">Itamar Kunik</a> called it &lsquo;the network for developers, by developers&rsquo; during a demonstration of a hybrid LTE solution the organization created using <a href="https://www.rakwireless.com/en-us" target="_blank">RAKwireless</a>&rsquo; 5G small cell. <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/jmarcelino/?originalSubdomain=uk" target="_blank">Jose Marcelino</a> from RAKwireless added that private network solutions empower developers and organizations with a firmer grip on their own infrastructure.&nbsp;<img src="https://images.wevolver.com/eyJidWNrZXQiOiJ3ZXZvbHZlci1wcm9qZWN0LWltYWdlcyIsImtleSI6ImZyb2FsYS8xNjc3NzgzNzM5NDAwLV9BNzQ4ODA4LmpwZyIsImVkaXRzIjp7InJlc2l6ZSI6eyJ3aWR0aCI6OTUwLCJmaXQiOiJjb3ZlciJ9fX0=" style="width: 766px;" class="fr-fic fr-dib">Jose Marcelino (left) from RAKwireless presenting the 5G small cell, with Marc Pous (right)&nbsp;Successful and practical use cases are already available, enabled by the building blocks created by IoT partners that are leading the way in innovation. So&nbsp;isn&rsquo;t it time we stopped keeping our successes to ourselves? Instead, what if we recognized a collective responsibility to share our impacts, in order to develop the IoT market?<h2 dir="ltr">Creating maximum value for a better future</h2><a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/leonard-lee-nextcurve/" target="_blank">Leonard Lee</a> held a fireside chat with <a href="https://iotcreators.com" target="_blank">IoT Creators&#39;</a><a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/afzalmangal/?originalSubdomain=nl" target="_blank">&nbsp;Afzal Mangal</a>, who called on the IoT industry to think beyond impact, and instead on how we can create maximum value. &ldquo;We usually think of IoT impact in terms of business impact,&rdquo; said Mangal. &ldquo;But is this the impact that we imagined 10 or 20 years ago? I think most of us signed up for IoT to discover maximum values beyond monetization, costs, and profits.&rdquo;&nbsp;<img src="https://images.wevolver.com/eyJidWNrZXQiOiJ3ZXZvbHZlci1wcm9qZWN0LWltYWdlcyIsImtleSI6ImZyb2FsYS8xNjc3NzgzMTc5MDc0LV9BNzQ4NzcwLmpwZyIsImVkaXRzIjp7InJlc2l6ZSI6eyJ3aWR0aCI6OTUwLCJmaXQiOiJjb3ZlciJ9fX0=" style="width: 766px;" class="fr-fic fr-dib">Leonard Lee (left) in conversation with Afzal MangalOne example took place just a few weeks ago: Two main highways between the Hague and Utrecht were closed because of a bridge on the verge of collapse. Thanks to a network of sensors placed on the bridge&rsquo;s structure connected to IoT Creators&rsquo; cellular network, authorities could monitor cracks forming over time and identify whether structural faults justified its closure. With large amounts of pedestrian foot traffic, trains, and vehicles crossing the bridge each day, Mangal believes &ldquo;this is maximum value creation with IoT because it goes beyond saving costs.&rdquo;There is undoubtedly great potential for maximum value still to be discovered. &quot;There are a lot of things possible today, because there is a lot that we can do with IoT,&quot; concludes Mangal. Could it be that the biggest impact IoT can have, lies beyond economic factors?<h2 dir="ltr">Realizing value beyond economic factors</h2>We believe the biggest impact comes from close collaboration within the industry. The right partners can provide you with the all essential building blocks to realize solutions that solve real problems. IoT Stars created in 2023 the IoTetris as an example of how IoT companies can work together to assemble the essential blocks to build the IoT stack that leads to maximum value.<a href="https://iotbuilder.iotstars.com" target="_blank">IoTetris</a> is already available to play, so go ahead and give it a go. And to continue the discussion, be sure not to miss our&nbsp;<a href="https://iotstars.com" target="_blank">next IoT Stars networking event</a>. We&rsquo;re rounding up the key players from the world of embedded development on March 14th during Embedded World in Nuremberg, and it&rsquo;s sure to be just as insightful.

During Mobile World Congress 2023 in Barcelona, the biggest players in IoT gathered

IoT takeaways from MWC 2023

Until now, the ability to make electronic devices faster has come down to a simple principle: scaling down transistors and other components. But this approach is reaching its limit, as the benefits of shrinking are counterbalanced by detrimental effects like resistance and decreased output power.Elison Matioli of the Power and Wide-band-gap Electronics Research Lab (<a href="https://www.epfl.ch/labs/powerlab/" target="_blank">POWERlab</a>) in EPFL&rsquo;s School of Engineering explains that further miniaturization is therefore not a viable solution to better electronics performance. &ldquo;New papers come out describing smaller and smaller devices, but in the case of materials made from gallium nitride, the best devices in terms of frequency were already published a few years back,&rdquo; he says. &ldquo;After that, there is really nothing better, because as device size is reduced, we face fundamental limitations. This is true regardless of the material used.&rdquo;In response to this challenge, Matioli and PhD student Mohammad Samizadeh Nikoo came up with a new approach to electronics that could overcome these limitations and enable a new class of terahertz devices. Instead of shrinking their device, they rearranged it, notably by etching patterned contacts called metastructures at sub-wavelength distances onto a semiconductor made of gallium nitride and indium gallium nitride. These metastructures allow the electrical fields inside the device to be controlled, yielding extraordinary properties that do not occur in nature.Crucially, the device can operate at electromagnetic frequencies in the terahertz range (between 0.3-30 THz) &ndash; significantly faster than the gigahertz waves used in today&rsquo;s electronics. They can therefore carry much greater quantities of information for a given signal or period, giving them great potential for applications in 6G communications and beyond.&ldquo;We found that manipulating radiofrequency fields at microscopic scales can significantly boost the performance of electronic devices, without relying on aggressive downscaling,&rdquo; explains Samizadeh Nikoo, who is the first author of an article on the breakthrough recently&nbsp;<a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-022-05595-z" rel="noopener" target="_blank">published</a> in the journal&nbsp;Nature.<h2>Record high frequencies, record low resistance</h2>Because terahertz frequencies are too fast for current electronics to manage, and too slow for optics applications, this range is often referred to as the &lsquo;terahertz gap&rsquo;. Using sub-wavelength metastructures to modulate terahertz waves is a technique that comes from the world of optics. But the POWERlab&rsquo;s method allows for an unprecedented degree of electronic control, unlike the optics approach of shining an external beam of light onto an existing pattern.&ldquo;In our electronics-based approach, the ability to control induced radiofrequencies comes from the combination of the sub-wavelength patterned contacts, plus the control of the electronic channel with applied voltage. This means that we can change the collective effect inside the metadevice by inducing electrons (or not),&rdquo; says Matioli.While the most advanced devices on the market today can achieve frequencies of up to 2 THz, the POWERlab&rsquo;s metadevices can reach 20 THz. Similarly, today&rsquo;s devices operating near the terahertz range tend to break down at voltages below 2 volts, while the metadevices can support over 20 volts. This enables the transmission and modulation of terahertz signals with much greater power and frequency than is currently possible.<h2>Integrated solutions</h2>As Samizadeh Nikoo explains, modulating terahertz waves is crucial for the future of telecommunications, as the increasing data requirements of technologies like autonomous vehicles and 6G mobile communications are fast reaching the limits of today&rsquo;s devices. The electronic metadevices developed in the POWERlab could form the basis for integrated terahertz electronics by producing compact, high-frequency chips that can already be used with smartphones, for example.&ldquo;This new technology could change the future of ultra-high-speed communications, as it is compatible with existing processes in semiconductor manufacturing. We have demonstrated data transmission of up to 100 gigabits per second at terahertz frequencies, which is already 10 times higher than what we have today with 5G,&rdquo; Samizadeh Nikoo says. To fully realize the potential of the approach, Matioli says the next step is to develop other electronics components ready for integration into terahertz circuits.&ldquo;Integrated terahertz electronics are the next frontier for a connected future. But our electronic metadevices are just one component. We need to develop other integrated terahertz components to fully realize the potential of this technology. That is our vision and goal.&rdquo;<hr>ReferencesSamizadeh Nikoo, M., Matioli, E. Electronic metadevices for terahertz applications. Nature 614, 451&ndash;455 (2023).&nbsp;<a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-022-05595-z" rel="noopener" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-022-05595-z</a>

EPFL researchers have come up with a new approach to electronics that involves engineering metastructures at the sub-wavelength scale. It could launch the next generation of ultra-fast devices for exchanging massive amounts of data, with applications in 6G communications and beyond.

Electronic metadevices break barriers to ultra-fast communications

From low power MCUs, radio modules and (e-)SIMs, to real-time operating systems, security mechanism and FOTA. From Radio technologies, wireless protocols and data standards to core networks, roaming agreements and cloud integrators.IoT is complex. There are so many different elements that make up an IoT solution. Even though most of the pioneering is done, selecting the right building blocks and integrating them seamlessly is challenging - if not impossible - to realize by yourself. Becoming successful in IoT means finding the right partners. Knowing which suppliers to work with allows you to focus on the real value of IoT without getting lost in the labyrinth of wireless standards, security layers and device management protocols.<h3 id="isPasted">Get ready for MWC and Embedded World</h3>Two big connectivity conferences coming up: Mobile World Congress in Barcelona, and Embedded World in Nuremberg. These events present the ideal opportunity to find the partners for your next IoT solution.To prepare yourself for the upcoming events, a tool was designed to support you in designing your IoT Stack while finding the right partners that can provide you with the missing building blocks.IoT Stars presents IoTetris, the tool to build your next IoT solution.<h3 id="isPasted"><a href="https://iotbuilder.iotstars.com/" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Have fun and build your own IoT stack with IoTetris!</a></h3><img src="https://images.wevolver.com/eyJidWNrZXQiOiJ3ZXZvbHZlci1wcm9qZWN0LWltYWdlcyIsImtleSI6ImZyb2FsYS8xNjc2NDU0MDIyNzExLVBsYXkgSW9UZXRyaXMgbGFuZHNjYXBlLnBuZyIsImVkaXRzIjp7InJlc2l6ZSI6eyJ3aWR0aCI6OTUwLCJmaXQiOiJjb3ZlciJ9fX0=" style="width: 766px;" class="fr-fic fr-dib">Build your IoT Stack at iotbuilder.iotstars.com<h2 id="isPasted">Meet the IoT Stars Community</h2>IoT Stars is a community of IoT professionals who gather during industry-events to share knowledge and experiences. The community consists of entrepreneurs, developers, engineers, investors, industry players and press working in the IoT ecosystem.For building real-world partnerships, we&#39;re inviting you to IoT Stars at MWC (Feb 27) and Embedded World (March 14). Join the IoT Stars networking events to find the right partners that will make you succeed in IoT.<h3 id="isPasted"><a href="https://iotstars.com/" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Get Tickets</a></h3>25% discount code: FRIEND-OF-WEVOLVER<img src="https://images.wevolver.com/eyJidWNrZXQiOiJ3ZXZvbHZlci1wcm9qZWN0LWltYWdlcyIsImtleSI6ImZyb2FsYS8xNjc2NDUzMjgzODQ2LVBhbmVsIE1XQy1sYW5kc2NhcGUuanBlZyIsImVkaXRzIjp7InJlc2l6ZSI6eyJ3aWR0aCI6OTUwLCJmaXQiOiJjb3ZlciJ9fX0=" style="width: 766px;" class="fr-fic fr-dib">IoT Stars Panel during MWC 2023 with Iotcreators, Ubidots, SODAQ and The Things Network<h2>What to expect at IoT Stars</h2>Four main topics will be discussed during the IoT Stars events.<h3>Private / hybrid IoT networks</h3>Cellular networks are becoming ever-cheaper and easier to build and manage. New shared or unlicensed radio bands (see for example <a data-token-index="1" href="https://www.fcc.gov/wireless/bureau-divisions/mobility-division/35-ghz-band/35-ghz-band-overview" id="isPasted" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">CBRS</a>) are removing the obstacles for running your own network. As a result, private LTE and 5G network are becoming a competitor to WiFi systems, as well to LoRa(WAN) networks.Multitech offers reliable hardware to build private LoRaWAN or LTE networks. During IoT Stars, they will share their experiences with realizing private networks. In addition, RAK Wireless will be presenting their latest 5G small cell. These hardware components work well with Monogoto&rsquo;s cellular core which processes cellular data and routes it to the right endpoints.<h3>Abundant Cellular Connectivity</h3>The number of connectivity providers are hitting an all-time-high. More virtual network operators (MVNOs) are entering the market as the demand for cellular connections keeps growing. MVNOs are doing the best they can to simplify the use of cellular communication and management of IoT devices in volume. At IoT Stars, meet the digital operators Iotcreators, SORACOM and Monogoto to find out about their unique perspective on the IoT market.<h3>IoT Lifecycle Management</h3>As the IoT market matures, more attention is being paid to lifecycle management. This includes management of device fleets, remote configuration of devices as well as over-the-air firmware update mechanisms. New partners have entered the scene including Blues Wireless which recently released their out of bound FOTA capabilities, and AVSystem which goes all-in on the novel LwM2M standard.<h3>Simplifying&nbsp;Hardware Development</h3>One of the biggest challenges in today&rsquo;s IoT market, is finding the embedded developers capable of building the billions of expected devices. The number of embedded developers around the world is limited, and hardware development is complicated and time-consuming.IoT suppliers are taking their responsibility to counter this challenge. Ignion enables people to integrate antennas without the need for expert RF skills. Zephyr is abstracting away much of the complexities of embedded programming. And Kallipr is providing off-the-shelf hardware products, ready to be implemented at scale.<img src="https://images.wevolver.com/eyJidWNrZXQiOiJ3ZXZvbHZlci1wcm9qZWN0LWltYWdlcyIsImtleSI6ImZyb2FsYS8xNjc2NDUzMDkwODEyLUlvVCBTdGFycyBQYXJ0bmVycy5wbmciLCJlZGl0cyI6eyJyZXNpemUiOnsid2lkdGgiOjk1MCwiZml0IjoiY292ZXIifX19" style="width: 766px;" class="fr-fic fr-dib">IoT Stars partners<h3>Join IoT Stars and meet the IoT community</h3>IoT Stars is hosting networking events at MWC (Feb 27) and Embedded World (March 14).<h3 id="isPasted"><a href="https://iotstars.com/" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Get Tickets</a></h3>25% discount code: FRIEND-OF-WEVOLVER&nbsp;

Meet the IoT Stars community at MWC and Embedded World, and find the partners to build your next IoT Stack.

Build your IoT Stack with IoTetris

The spread of COVID-19 has changed how we live and work. With no choice but to restrict movement and reduce how often we meet others, we have moved many of our activities from the physical world to a virtual one. For many people, it seems only natural now to use remote technology to meet with friends, take classes, and have meetings. Although remote work has become more commonplace, there are still many jobs that must be done in person<h1 dir="ltr">Expanding the scope of remote work using VR/AR and 5G technologies</h1>This use of virtual environments will likely continue even after the COVID-19 pandemic is over. This is especially true in business. There are several reasons why.&nbsp;First, many people who thought online meetings would never work have realized that they in fact, do work&mdash;and can even be more productive than face-to-face meetings. Having meetings online can reduce the number of business trips taken and can also reduce cost and time. This means meetings can be held for more people.&nbsp;Second, people disinclined to make use of ICT have been forced to make use of remote technologies, and this has helped to provide them with relevant skills. Working with remote technology has helped to eliminate disparity in ICT literacy and skills.&nbsp;Finally, governments across the world continue to promote diverse working environments, and remote work is a great way to realize this goal. Remote work will also help support society and the people working within it as it becomes more established.Some companies that have observed these trends have begun to revise their HR systems and reduce the sizes of their offices, under the assumption that remote work already plays a central role in business.Although many tasks such as office work and preparing documents and materials can be performed remotely without issue, there are still many tasks that must be done on-site. Remote work is simply not an option in these cases. This is especially true at manufacturing sites.<h1 dir="ltr">Making full use of 3D CAD modeling to streamline VR/AR design work and maintenance</h1>Manufacturing companies have begun making use of technologies such as virtual reality (VR), augmented reality (AR), and IoT as new means of communicating information in situations that previously could not work remotely, such as equipment maintenance and product design.It has become possible in recent years to design all sorts of industrial products, equipment, and facilities using 3D CAD. This technology has been making tremendous progress. The individual parts of devices are now individually designed as 3D models, which can be assembled and even manipulated on a computer. This means that products can now be manufactured and tested, with no need to build a physical prototype.<img src="https://images.wevolver.com/eyJidWNrZXQiOiJ3ZXZvbHZlci1wcm9qZWN0LWltYWdlcyIsImtleSI6ImZyb2FsYS8xNjczMjAyMDA5ODAzLVZpcnR1YWxfUmVhbGl0eS5fKFVuc3BsYXNoKS5qcGciLCJlZGl0cyI6eyJyZXNpemUiOnsid2lkdGgiOjk1MCwiZml0IjoiY292ZXIifX19" width="720" height="453" class="fr-fic fr-dii">Fig. 1: Data from CAD tools can be shared and reviewed virtually in real-time. When developing an industrial product (such as an automobile or electronic device) or designing a building or other structure, personnel such as product planners, salespeople, designers, and production engineers will meet to review the product. Until recently, this involved gathering all these individuals in the same room to discuss a physical prototype created especially for this purpose. Now, experts in remote locations can share 3D model data and then use head-mounted displays to manipulate and disassemble these models, allowing them to review a product just as though they were in the same room with it&mdash;or, perhaps in even more detail.<img data-fr-image-pasted="true" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/16/Oil_rig_Jan_23.jpg" style="width: 300px;" class="fr-fic fr-dib">Fig. 2: Digital twin technology can be used to create a 3D model of how technologies appear and operate. Image credit: Eugene.AI.When designing manufacturing equipment or a machine tool, 3D data can be placed within a virtual production line that has also been modeled, allowing designers to verify that everything works together and operates safely&mdash;before even setting it up on-site.These 3D models can also be used after the equipment has been actually installed on-site, in order to streamline work. AR can be used when maintaining equipment or facilities at a site to display technical information from the 3D model overlaid over the actual equipment, allowing for complicated tasks to be performed without error.Sensors could also be installed on actual equipment. Data from these sensors could be imported to a 3D model on a server for use by the maintenance department or manufacturer, in order to create a digital copy that looks and operates exactly like the actual equipment on site. This so-called &quot;digital twin&quot; technology can be used to predict equipment failures or even simulate the impact of changing production conditions on factors such as throughput and durability.However, using technologies such as VR, AR, and IoT requires a low-latency network capable of transmitting a large amount of data quickly between work sites and offices, as well as homes for remote work. 5G, a fifth-generation mobile communication system, is expected to play a major role in making this possible.<h1 dir="ltr">Using robots to provide a sense of presence to remote communication</h1>As remote work becomes mainstream, it is becoming clear that this technology offers many unique benefits for office work. However, that doesn&#39;t mean that it provides the same level of communication as meeting face-to-face. Remote work technology is still in its infancy.For example, many people might feel that something is slightly off when participating in a remote meeting, brainstorming session, or product review. You might think that using a videoconferencing system would allow you to easily see how everyone reacts to a statement since you can see everyone on the screen. In reality, participants can often have trouble seeing how people react and are often not confident that their message is getting across. Online meetings have shown us that we rely on more than mere words and expressions to communicate.<img src="https://images.wevolver.com/eyJidWNrZXQiOiJ3ZXZvbHZlci1wcm9qZWN0LWltYWdlcyIsImtleSI6ImZyb2FsYS8xNjczMTk5NjkxOTM2LTE2NzMxOTk2OTE5MzYucG5nIiwiZWRpdHMiOnsicmVzaXplIjp7IndpZHRoIjo5NTAsImZpdCI6ImNvdmVyIn19fQ==" width="720" height="480" class="fr-fic fr-dii">Fig. 3: Video conferencing has become a routine tool for work. In some situations, not being present in person can cause issues with communication.This feeling that something is somehow off during remote meetings is a shared sentiment among people all over the world. In order to resolve current issues with using remote communication tools, companies and other organizations have begun implementing advanced communication technologies utilizing ICT which is still in the development stages. We are also seeing some attempts to use the latest in ICT and robotic technology to bring a sense of presence to remote meetings and customer service situations.<img src="https://images.wevolver.com/eyJidWNrZXQiOiJ3ZXZvbHZlci1wcm9qZWN0LWltYWdlcyIsImtleSI6ImZyb2FsYS8xNjczMTk5Njg5ODA0LTE2NzMxOTk2ODk4MDQucG5nIiwiZWRpdHMiOnsicmVzaXplIjp7IndpZHRoIjo5NTAsImZpdCI6ImNvdmVyIn19fQ==" width="720" height="959" class="fr-fic fr-dii">Fig. 4: Telepresence robots with a tablet make remote conversations feel more natural.&nbsp;In the US, simple robots called telepresence robots are already being used by large companies, hospitals, schools, and other organizations as a means of communication. Telepresence robots are very simple-looking robots consisting of a tablet installed on a mobile vehicle. The tablet is used to display the face of the person speaking through the robot. The speaker can operate and move the robot remotely, allowing them to change the robot&#39;s facing while communicating with others in video chat.It seems too simple to work, but you might be surprised to know that these robots can provide a greater sense of presence than simply using a tablet for video chatting.The individual operating the robot can control it remotely, such as moving it around or changing its facing. When a tablet alone is used for communication, it is the other person who determines what you see. With a telepresence robot, the opposite is true. When speaking with multiple people, the operator of the robot can move the robot to face whomever they want to speak with. This could be of use in a variety of situations to make communication more active, such as moving around an exhibition to visit certain booths or seeking out certain individuals at a party or similar situation.It can also be helpful for others to see such a robot moving around, which can provide a greater sense of the operator of the robot actually being there. All in all, this technology makes it possible for others to not only see your face and hear your voice, but to watch your robot react and move&mdash;and therefore more easily determine whether you are really paying attention!<h1 dir="ltr">Remote robots as a means to go anywhere, instantly</h1>The technology of telexistence brings telepresence to the next level. This technology promises to provide an even higher level of communication, in which an individual remotely controls a robot called an avatar that reproduces the operator&#39;s movements and five senses. It is a concept advocated by Susumu Tachi, Professor Emeritus of the University of Tokyo.[1]<img src="https://images.wevolver.com/eyJidWNrZXQiOiJ3ZXZvbHZlci1wcm9qZWN0LWltYWdlcyIsImtleSI6ImZyb2FsYS8xNjczMjAwOTQzNDY1LTE2NzMyMDA5NDM0NjUucG5nIiwiZWRpdHMiOnsicmVzaXplIjp7IndpZHRoIjo5NTAsImZpdCI6ImNvdmVyIn19fQ==" width="720" height="519" id="isPasted" class="fr-fic fr-dii">Fig. 5: Telepresence takes the capabilities of telexistance devices to the next level by letting us remotely controls a robot&rsquo;s movements and five senses.With telepresence, the operator uses a controller or other device to consciously move a robot. With telexistence, however, sensors are used to detect the operator&#39;s movements and remotely control the robot without any conscious action on the part of the operator. Installing a camera on the robot to feed video to a head-mounted display (HMD) worn by the operator could therefore bring more immersion to remote communication and work. Haptic technology could also be used to provide the operator with a sense of touch mirroring that of the robot for an even greater presence and sense of immersion.In addition to workplaces, telepresence technology could be used for virtual tourism and even in healthcare facilities. Imagine a world where avatar robots are as common as shared bicycle stands. You could take control of such a robot through the Internet and be transported instantly to a tourist spot or other remote location.<h1 dir="ltr">Conclusion</h1>Remote technologies have traditionally served as secondary options for life and work, used only when traveling to a physical location or meeting face-to-face is not possible. This was true even at the start of the COVID-19 pandemic. However, we may soon see a world where remote work becomes predominant, with face-to-face meetings conducted only when absolutely necessary.The remote technologies described here will continue to advance as this comes closer to reality. It seems likely that we will ultimately take the use of such technologies for granted, as we develop means of communicating and working that would not be possible except in remote environments. We will increasingly enter a future in which robots are used to communicate closely with others&mdash;and to experience many things previously not possible.<h2 id="isPasted">About the sponsor: Murata</h2>Murata is a global solution provider and the market leader in the design, manufacture, and supply of advanced, leading-edge electronic components, and multi-functional modules. Murata contributes to the advancement of society and the electronics industry, in close cooperation with its customers and other stakeholders. Their European HQ is based in the Netherlands. &nbsp;&nbsp;<img src="https://images.wevolver.com/eyJidWNrZXQiOiJ3ZXZvbHZlci1wcm9qZWN0LWltYWdlcyIsImtleSI6ImZyb2FsYS8xNjc0MTIxOTIwNDU4LW11cmF0YSBsb2dvIGJvdHRvbS5qcGciLCJlZGl0cyI6eyJyZXNpemUiOnsid2lkdGgiOjk1MCwiZml0IjoiY292ZXIifX19" style="width: 300px;" class="fr-fic fr-dib"> <h1 dir="ltr">References</h1>[1] Susumu Tachi, Telexistence, [Online], Available from: <a href="https://tx-inc.com/en/susumu-tachis-bio/" target="_blank">https://tx-inc.com/en/susumu-tachis-bio/</a><hr id="isPasted"><img src="https://images.wevolver.com/eyJidWNrZXQiOiJ3ZXZvbHZlci1wcm9qZWN0LWltYWdlcyIsImtleSI6ImZyb2FsYS8xNjg1MDg2NjcyNTM4LTE2ODUwODY2NzI1MzgucG5nIiwiZWRpdHMiOnsicmVzaXplIjp7IndpZHRoIjo5NTAsImZpdCI6ImNvdmVyIn19fQ==" class="fr-fic fr-dii">If you have any questions based on this article that you would like to discuss with an expert at Murata, don&#39;t hesitate to reach out. There&#39;s an entire team ready to support you with your question.<a class="button-main-action" href="https://www.murata.com/en-eu/contactform?&Detail=Wevolver%20request" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">GET IN TOUCH</a><hr>

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