Researchers at the Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) have shown for the first time in Germany how so-called tin defects in diamonds can be controlled very precisely using microwaves. These defects have special optical and magnetic properties and can be used as qubits: the smallest computing units for quantum computers and quantum communication. The results are an important step towards the development of powerful quantum computers and secure quantum communication networks. The researchers report in the journal Physical Review X (DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevX.14.031036).Quantum computers and quantum communication are considered to be pioneering technologies for much faster and more secure data processing and transmission compared to classical computers. The basic information units in quantum computers are qubits, the quantum mechanical equivalent of bits in conventional data processing.While in classical digital communication, for example, laser pulses in a fiber optic cable transport information from A to B, quantum mechanics uses individual photons, which in principle makes the exchange of information secure against eavesdropping. Optically addressable qubits, i.e. qubits that can be controlled or read out using light, are suitable for storing the information in the photons and processing it in quantum computers. These can store and process the quantum states and absorb and release them in the form of photons.<h2>The key point is the stability of the qubits</h2>One of the biggest challenges in developing qubits is to extend their coherence time, i.e. the time in which they can stably store information. The extent to which efficient and scalable quantum computers can be developed depends crucially on whether it is possible to control qubits and keep them stable in such a way that their properties can be used in practice.Doctoral students Ioannis Karapatzakis and Jeremias Resch at the KIT Institute of Physics investigated how a special diamond defect, the so-called tin vacancy center (SnV), can be precisely controlled. The work was part of the projects "Quantum Repeater.Link (QR.X)" for secure fiber-based quantum communication and SPINNING, which is working towards a spin-photon-based diamond-based quantum computer, funded by the Federal Ministry of Education and Research.&nbsp;"A defect in the lattice structure of the carbon atoms of a diamond occurs when atoms are missing or replaced by other atoms, such as tin," explains Karapatzakis. Such defects can be used as qubits for quantum communication because they have special optical and magnetic properties that allow their states, such as the electron spin, to be specifically manipulated using light or microwaves. This can make the defects usable as stable qubits that can store and process information and couple it to photons.&nbsp;<h2>Coherence times could be significantly improved</h2>The diamond qubits have the advantage of being in solid form. This makes them easier to handle than other quantum materials such as atoms in a vacuum. By controlling them with microwaves, Karapatzakis and Resch managed to precisely influence the electron spins of the tin vacancy center qubits and make this visible. "We were able to significantly improve the coherence times of the SnV centers in diamond to up to ten milliseconds," says Resch. This was achieved using the method of dynamic decoupling, which largely minimizes interference factors. Another special feature is that the two doctoral students were able to show for the first time that this type of diamond defect can be controlled very efficiently using superconducting waveguides: These guide the microwaves efficiently to the defects without generating heat. "This is of great importance because these defects are generally researched at very low temperatures close to absolute zero. Increased temperatures would render the qubits unusable," says Karapatzakis."In order to establish communication between two users or, in the future, two quantum computers, I have to be able to transfer the quantum states of the qubit to photons," explains Resch. "By optically reading out the qubit and achieving stable spectral properties, we were able to take an important step in this direction. Our results on controlling tin vacancy centers in diamonds therefore have the potential for an important breakthrough in the further development of secure and efficient quantum communication."&nbsp;<hr>Original publicationIoannis Karapatzakis, Jeremias Resch, Marcel Schrodin, Philipp Fuchs, Michael Kieschnick, Julia Heupel, Luis Kussi, Christoph Sürgers, Cyril Popov, Jan Meijer, Christoph Becher, Wolfgang Wernsdorfer, David Hunger: Phys. Rev. X 14, 27 August 2024, <a href="https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevX.14.031036" target="_blank">DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevX.14.031036</a>

The precise control of diamond qubits is a significant step in the development of quantum computers. (Image: Ioannis Karapatzakis, KIT)

Important breakthrough for the development of diamond-based quantum computers

Quantum Communication: Efficient Microwave Control of Diamond Qubits

The prestigious <a href="https://www.merckgroup.com/en/research/grants-and-awards/heinrich-emanuel-merck-award.html" target="_blank">Heinrich Emanuel Merck Award</a> is a biannial recognition of individuals who have made outstanding contributions to the advancement of artificial intelligence, quantum computing, neuro-inspired computing, and their applications to enable scientific discovery. The recipient of the award will be given a €15,000 prize and will be invited to present their research at an award ceremony.&nbsp;The Heinrich Emanuel Merck Award is given in memory of the company’s founder, Heinrich Emanuel Merck, and has been a recognition of excellence and innovation in research for over two decades. Originally established to recognize research in the analytical sciences and presented as such until 2022, the award has undergone a significant transformation. As of 2024, the focus of the award has shifted to computational science.&nbsp;Describing the significance of this award, Dr. Ulrich Betz, Senior Vice President Innovation at Merck said:<blockquote>“Computational sciences are increasingly making contributions to enable new scientific discoveries in all major fields. With the new Heinrich Emanuel Merck Award we want to honor scientists that enhance and apply these modern digital technologies to enhance scientific discovery.”</blockquote><h2 dir="ltr">Who is eligible to apply?</h2>Previous award laureates include top researchers whose work has provided the foundation for groundbreaking discoveries. Are you or do you know someone who is developing innovative solutions in domains at the forefront of innovation in computing like artificial intelligence, quantum computing, or neuro-inspired computing? Visit the application portal and submit your application!<a href="https://app.bitly.com/Bi6chcjWpnI/links?query=https://wevlv.co/HEMAportal" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" id="isPasted" class="button-main-action">TO THE APPLICATION PORTAL</a><table style="width: 100%;"><tbody><tr><td style="width: 100%;"><h3>Key Dates</h3>When to apply:&nbsp;Applications for the award are open. <a href="https://app.bitly.com/Bi6chcjWpnI/links?query=https://wevlv.co/HEMAportal" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Visit the application portal</a> to read more and apply.&nbsp;Application closes: October 31stAward ceremony: Beginning of 2025</td></tr></tbody></table><h2 dir="ltr" id="isPasted">Key technology areas in computational sciences</h2>The shift in focus of the award to computational sciences aims to highlight groundbreaking research in fields such as artificial intelligence (AI), quantum computing, and neuro-inspired computing to transform industries, drive innovation, and solve global challenges. By celebrating advances in these areas, the award recognizes work that will enable scientific discovery.<h4 dir="ltr">Artificial Intelligence (AI):</h4>AI is in a phase of rapid advancement, particularly in machine learning, natural language processing, and computer vision. Potential areas of interest for innovative research include <a href="https://www.wevolver.com/article/shaping-the-future-of-manufacturing-with-llms-and-generative-ai" target="_blank">Smart manufacturing</a>, <a href="https://www.wevolver.com/article/internet-of-things-for-smart-cities" target="_blank">IoT for Smart Cities</a>, and <a href="https://www.wevolver.com/article/smart-grid-navigating-the-future-of-energy" target="_blank">leveraging AI for energy efficiency</a>.<h4 dir="ltr">Quantum Computing:</h4>Quantum computing has made significant strides, moving from theoretical models to experimental demonstrations of quantum supremacy. Emerging fields of interest for cutting-edge research include <a href="https://www.wevolver.com/article/modular-scalable-hardware-architecture-for-a-quantum-computer" target="_blank">scalable hardware architecture</a>, <a href="https://www.wevolver.com/article/scientists-tune-the-entanglement-structure-in-an-array-of-qubits" target="_blank">entanglement structure of quantum bits</a> and <a href="https://www.wevolver.com/article/breakthroughs-in-quantum-computing" target="_blank">processor developments</a>.&nbsp;Neuro-Inspired Computing:Neuro-inspired computing seeks to replicate the efficiency and structure of the human brain in artificial systems. Current research within this area include <a href="https://www.wevolver.com/article/learning-how-to-learn-neuromorphic-ai-inference-at-the-edge" target="_blank">neuromorphic AI at the edge</a>, <a href="https://www.wevolver.com/article/analyzing-human-behavior-with-edge-ai" target="_blank">human behavior analysis</a> and <a href="https://www.wevolver.com/article/advancing-earth-management-through-state-of-the-art-satellite-infrastructure" target="_blank">autonomous robots for remote maintenance</a>.<h2 dir="ltr">How to apply:</h2><ol><li dir="ltr"><a href="https://app.bitly.com/Bi6chcjWpnI/links?query=https://wevlv.co/HEMAportal" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Visit the application portal</a> and follow the instructions to create an account and submit your application.</li><li dir="ltr">Application documents: Documents needed to apply include a recent CV and a clear description of your cutting-edge research and results (no older than 3 years).</li><li dir="ltr">Deadline: Last day for applications is October 31st.</li></ol>Visit the application portal to read more and submit your application:<a href="https://app.bitly.com/Bi6chcjWpnI/links?query=https://wevlv.co/HEMAportal" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" id="isPasted" class="button-main-action">TO THE APPLICATION PORTAL</a>

Recognizing Groundbreaking Research in AI, Quantum, and Neuro-Inspired Computing

Honoring Innovation in Computational Sciences: Apply for The Heinrich Emanuel Merck Award

Quantum computers, on the other hand, promise to rapidly crack complex cryptographic systems that a classical computer might never be able to unravel. This promise is based on a quantum factoring algorithm proposed in 1994 by&nbsp;<a href="https://news.mit.edu/2023/weird-weird-quantum-world-peter-shor-killian-lecture-0310" target="_blank">Peter Shor</a>, who is now a professor at MIT.But while researchers have taken great strides in the last 30 years, scientists have yet to build a quantum computer powerful enough to run Shor’s algorithm.As some researchers work to build larger quantum computers, others have been trying to improve Shor’s algorithm so it could run on a smaller quantum circuit. About a year ago, New York University computer scientist Oded Regev proposed a <a href="https://arxiv.org/pdf/2308.06572" target="_blank">major theoretical improvement</a>. His algorithm could run faster, but the circuit would require more memory.Building off those results, MIT researchers have proposed a best-of-both-worlds approach that combines the speed of Regev’s algorithm with the memory-efficiency of Shor’s. This new algorithm is as fast as Regev’s, requires fewer quantum building blocks known as qubits, and has a higher tolerance to quantum noise, which could make it more feasible to implement in practice.In the long run, this new algorithm could inform the development of novel encryption methods that can withstand the code-breaking power of quantum computers.“If large-scale quantum computers ever get built, then factoring is toast and we have to find something else to use for cryptography. But how real is this threat? Can we make quantum factoring practical? Our work could potentially bring us one step closer to a practical implementation,” says Vinod Vaikuntanathan, the Ford Foundation Professor of Engineering, a member of the Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory (CSAIL), and senior author of a&nbsp;<a href="https://eprint.iacr.org/2023/1501.pdf" target="_blank" data-lf-fd-inspected-kn9eq4roawkarlvp="true">paper describing the algorithm</a>.The paper’s lead author is Seyoon Ragavan, a graduate student in the MIT Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science. The research will be presented at the 2024 International Cryptology Conference.<h2>Cracking cryptography</h2>To securely transmit messages over the internet, service providers like email clients and messaging apps typically rely on RSA, an <a href="https://people.csail.mit.edu/rivest/Rsapaper.pdf" target="_blank" data-lf-fd-inspected-kn9eq4roawkarlvp="true">encryption scheme</a> invented by MIT researchers Ron Rivest, Adi Shamir, and Leonard Adleman in the 1970s (hence the name “RSA”). The system is based on the idea that factoring a 2,048-bit integer (a number with 617 digits) is too hard for a computer to do in a reasonable amount of time.That idea was flipped on its head in 1994 when Shor, then working at Bell Labs, introduced an algorithm which proved that a quantum computer could factor quickly enough to break RSA cryptography.“That was a turning point. But in 1994, nobody knew how to build a large enough quantum computer. And we’re still pretty far from there. Some people wonder if they will ever be built,” says Vaikuntanathan.It is estimated that a quantum computer would need about&nbsp;<a href="https://quantum-journal.org/papers/q-2021-04-15-433/" target="_blank">20 million qubits</a> to run Shor’s algorithm. Right now, the largest quantum computers have around 1,100 qubits.A quantum computer performs computations using quantum circuits, just like a classical computer uses classical circuits. Each quantum circuit is composed of a series of operations known as quantum gates. These quantum gates utilize qubits, which are the smallest building blocks of a quantum computer, to perform calculations.But quantum gates introduce noise, so having fewer gates would improve a machine’s performance. Researchers have been striving to enhance Shor’s algorithm so it could be run on a smaller circuit with fewer quantum gates.That is precisely what Regev did with the circuit he proposed a year ago.“That was big news because it was the first real improvement to Shor’s circuit from 1994,” Vaikuntanathan says.The quantum circuit Shor proposed has a size proportional to the square of the number being factored. That means if one were to factor a 2,048-bit integer, the circuit would need millions of gates.Regev’s circuit requires significantly fewer quantum gates, but it needs many more qubits to provide enough memory. This presents a new problem.“In a sense, some types of qubits are like apples or oranges. If you keep them around, they decay over time. You want to minimize the number of qubits you need to keep around,” explains Vaikuntanathan.He heard Regev speak about his results at a workshop last August. At the end of his talk, Regev posed a question: Could someone improve his circuit so it needs fewer qubits? Vaikuntanathan and Ragavan took up that question.<h2>Quantum ping-pong</h2>To factor a very large number, a quantum circuit would need to run many times, performing operations that involve computing powers, like 2 to the power of 100.But computing such large powers is costly and difficult to perform on a quantum computer, since quantum computers can only perform reversible operations. Squaring a number is not a reversible operation, so each time a number is squared, more quantum memory must be added to compute the next square.The MIT researchers found a clever way to compute exponents using a series of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fibonacci_sequence" target="_blank">Fibonacci numbers</a> that requires simple multiplication, which is reversible, rather than squaring. Their method needs just two quantum memory units to compute any exponent.“It is kind of like a ping-pong game, where we start with a number and then bounce back and forth, multiplying between two quantum memory registers,” Vaikuntanathan adds.They also tackled the challenge of error correction. The circuits proposed by Shor and Regev require every quantum operation to be correct for their algorithm to work, Vaikuntanathan says. But error-free quantum gates would be infeasible on a real machine.They overcame this problem using a technique to filter out corrupt results and only process the right ones.The end-result is a circuit that is significantly more memory-efficient. Plus, their error correction technique would make the algorithm more practical to deploy.“The authors resolve the two most important bottlenecks in the earlier quantum factoring algorithm. Although still not immediately practical, their work brings quantum factoring algorithms closer to reality,” adds Regev.In the future, the researchers hope to make their algorithm even more efficient and, someday, use it to test factoring on a real quantum circuit.“The elephant-in-the-room question after this work is: Does it actually bring us closer to breaking RSA cryptography? That is not clear just yet; these improvements currently only kick in when the integers are much larger than 2,048 bits. Can we push this algorithm and make it more feasible than Shor’s even for 2,048-bit integers?” says Ragavan.

The most recent email you sent was likely encrypted using a tried-and-true method that relies on the idea that even the fastest computer would be unable to efficiently break a gigantic number into factors.

Toward a code-breaking quantum computer

Article #6 of Engineering the Quantum Future Series: Quantum computing brings groundbreaking tech advances and ethical challenges, requiring frameworks for secure and fair use.

Technical and Ethical Issues in Quantum Computing: The Quantum Challenge

This is the fifth article in a six-part series featuring articles on "<a href="https://www.wevolver.com/article/engineering-the-quantum-future/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Engineering the Quantum Future</a>". The series explains the revolutionary advancements in quantum computing and their implications for various industries. Each article discusses a specific aspect of this transformative technology, from the fundamental concepts of quantum computing to the practical applications and challenges. This series is sponsored by Mouser Electronics. Through the sponsorship, Mouser Electronics promotes innovation and the exchange of knowledge, aiming to harness the revolutionary capabilities of quantum computing for a smarter and safer technological future.In the digital age, the internet has become the backbone of our daily transactions, from purchasing a book to transferring sensitive corporate data. But how can we be certain that our online interactions are secure? How do we ensure that our credit card details aren't intercepted by malicious entities or that the website we're browsing isn't a facade created by cybercriminals?This article explores the critical intersection of quantum computing and cybersecurity, detailing how the rise of quantum capabilities poses a formidable challenge to traditional encryption methods like RSA. It discusses personal and national security implications and the urgent need for quantum-proof encryption technologies to safeguard our digital interactions from future quantum threats.<h2 dir="ltr">The Vulnerability of Online Interactions</h2>With emails becoming our primary mode of written communication, the assumption is that they're secure enough to transmit everything from personal details to proprietary business secrets. The reality, however, is that the Internet, by its very nature, is a vulnerable communication platform. Data packets navigate through numerous servers and channels before reaching their destination.Every online interaction is stored. As assets increasingly digitalize, moving from physical to sometimes exclusively digital forms, the importance of strong cybersecurity cannot be overstated. Cryptographic algorithms play a crucial role in this, encoding our data before we send it and decoding it when received.<h2 dir="ltr">Cryptographic Algorithms and the RSA</h2>Central to our online security is the RSA cryptographic algorithm. Conceived in 1977 by MIT researchers Ron Rivest, Adi Shamir, and Leonard Adleman (from whose surnames the acronym RSA is derived), this algorithm is the backbone of secure internet communication and data storage.[1] It operates on a dual-key system: one key encrypts the data, and the other decrypts it. The beauty of this system lies in its simplicity.&nbsp;Imagine wanting to send a confidential letter. Instead of risking it being read during transit, you encrypt it using a publicly available key. Only the intended recipient, with their private decryption key, can then decipher your message. This asymmetric key encryption ensures that while anyone can encrypt data for a recipient, only the recipient can decrypt it.Every day, billions of people interact with the web, be it through social media, online shopping, or accessing cloud-based services. These interactions, often seen as mundane, are protected by layers of encryption to ensure user privacy and data integrity. When you spot that padlock icon in your browser's address bar, it signifies that your connection is secured using the HTTPS protocol, which leans heavily on RSA.While RSA has been a cornerstone of our digital security, emerging technologies like quantum computing pose significant challenges to its dominance and to cybersecurity in general. Indeed, with the arrival of quantum computing, every web interaction could become a potential point of vulnerability. The very act of browsing could be intercepted, manipulated, or monitored at an unprecedented scale.<h2 dir="ltr">How Does Quantum Computing Destabilize RSA?&nbsp;</h2>Quantum computing poses a significant threat to the RSA encryption system, primarily due to something called Shor's algorithm, proposed by mathematician Peter Shor in 1994.[2] Shor's algorithm is specifically designed for quantum computers and can efficiently factorize large numbers, which are the foundation of RSA encryption.RSA encryption works by generating a pair of keys: one public and one private. The public key encrypts the message into ciphertext, which only the corresponding private key can decrypt. This process ensures secure communication because RSA's security relies on the difficulty of factoring a large composite number, which is the product of two large prime numbers. For instance, multiplying two 300-digit primes creates a 600-digit number. Factoring this number with classical computers would take an impractically long time, often beyond the lifespan of the universe, making it practically impossible to break the encryption and ensure data security.However, utilizing Shor's algorithm, quantum computers can perform this factorization exponentially faster than classical computers by leveraging the unique properties of quantum superposition to&nbsp;perform a vast range of calculations simultaneously. It utilizes the Fourier transform (FT) to extract values needed for each iteration’s guess of the prime factors. This means that the large numbers used in RSA could potentially be broken down in mere hours or even minutes on a sufficiently powerful quantum computer. Once these numbers are factored, the encryption is effectively broken, rendering the RSA system vulnerable.In practical terms, this vulnerability means that all data encrypted using RSA could be decrypted by someone with access to a quantum computer capable of running Shor's algorithm.&nbsp;<h2 dir="ltr">What Happens When RSA Becomes Obsolete?</h2>It would be potentially catastrophic if quantum computing, with its unparalleled processing capabilities, were used maliciously by cybercriminals aiming to breach vast data repositories. Personal details, from medical histories to financial transactions, could be laid bare, leading to unprecedented privacy breaches.Beyond the vulnerabilities of RSA lies a broader concern that resonates with the core of our digital world. Quantum computing is not merely a potential threat; it presents an existential risk to all current classical computer encryption protocols.&nbsp;RSA isn't the sole encryption algorithm at risk from quantum advancements. Both the Diffie-Hellman key exchange and elliptic curve cryptography (ECC), pillars of modern security software, are susceptible to quantum algorithms akin to Shor’s, necessitating a reevaluation of our approach to digital security.<h3 dir="ltr">Harvest Now, Decrypt Later</h3>One of the more insidious strategies cybercriminals could employ in the quantum age is the "harvest now, decrypt later" approach. By exfiltrating encrypted data now, while it remains secure against current decryption methods, hackers could bide their time. Once quantum computing reaches its potential, this stockpiled data could be decrypted en masse, unleashing a tidal wave of breaches long after the data was initially compromised. That means it’s not just our future data at risk but also present-day data.With quantum computers evolving rapidly, experts forecast that our current cryptographic algorithms could be compromised within a decade. This looming threat underscores the urgency for post-quantum cryptographic algorithms.&nbsp;<h3 dir="ltr">Not Only Personal But National Security Information</h3>Warfare has evolved, with battles now being fought not just on land, sea, and air but also in the digital domain. Nation-states invest heavily in cyber warfare capabilities, aiming to disrupt or disable adversaries’ critical infrastructure. Quantum computing could be the next frontier in this digital arms race. A nation equipped with advanced quantum capabilities could potentially weaken the defense systems, communication networks, and strategic assets of its adversaries, leading to a seismic shift in global power dynamics.<h2 dir="ltr">What’s Being Done About It?</h2>Global leaders aren't losing sight of quantum computing's implications. Recognizing the potential threats and the need for proactive measures, governments worldwide are taking initiatives. For instance, in December 2022, the U.S. administration, under President Biden, enacted the Quantum Computing Cybersecurity Preparedness Act.[3] This legislation underscores the urgency of equipping government agencies with technology that can withstand post-quantum decryption, emphasizing the global scale of the challenge at hand.Facing serious decryption risks, the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) has also been at the forefront of actively seeking quantum-resistant algorithms. NIST’s endeavors have identified promising finalists, with specific algorithms being earmarked as the next generation of encryption standards.[4]In the quest for quantum-proof solutions, lattice-based cryptography emerges as a promising approach. Championed by giants like IBM, this method is based on the geometry of numbers, offering encryption protocols that might prove more resilient against quantum decryption attempts. Unlike traditional methods, lattice-based cryptography operates on structures that could pose significant challenges for quantum computers, making it a frontrunner in the race to secure our digital future.Imagine a lattice as a grid of points in space. In simple 2D space, it might look like a checkerboard. But in the world of cryptography, these lattices exist in hundreds or even thousands of dimensions. Trying to find a specific point in such a complex lattice is like trying to find a needle in a multi-dimensional haystack. Even with their immense computational power, quantum computers still struggle with these lattice problems.<h2 dir="ltr">Advanced Connectivity with Amphenol RF SMA Connectors<img src="https://images.wevolver.com/eyJidWNrZXQiOiJ3ZXZvbHZlci1wcm9qZWN0LWltYWdlcyIsImtleSI6ImZyb2FsYS8xNzIyNDM5NzgzNjc0LWltYWdlMi5qcGciLCJlZGl0cyI6eyJyZXNpemUiOnsid2lkdGgiOjk1MCwiZml0IjoiY292ZXIifX19" style="width: 100%px;" class="fr-fic fr-dib" alt="Amphenol-RF-SMA-connector">Amphenol RF SMA Connectors, enhancing semiconductor manufacturing with versatile and high-performance connectivity solutions.</h2><a href="https://www.mouser.com/amphenol-rf-sma-connectors" target="_blank">Amphenol RF SMA Connectors</a> are essential for high-performance applications in semiconductor manufacturing and testing. These connectors are available in PCB-mount and cable-mount configurations, complemented by a variety of adapters, terminators, attenuators, and cable assemblies. They also offer custom end-launch solutions tailored for specific PCB configurations, ensuring optimal performance.<h2 dir="ltr">Enhanced RF Solutions with Amphenol SV Microwave SMPM Connectors<img src="https://images.wevolver.com/eyJidWNrZXQiOiJ3ZXZvbHZlci1wcm9qZWN0LWltYWdlcyIsImtleSI6ImZyb2FsYS8xNzIyNDM5Nzk5NjgyLWltYWdlMS5qcGciLCJlZGl0cyI6eyJyZXNpemUiOnsid2lkdGgiOjk1MCwiZml0IjoiY292ZXIifX19" style="width: 100%px;" class="fr-fic fr-dib" alt="Amphenol-SV-Microwave-SMPM-Connector">Amphenol / SV Microwave SMPM Connectors, offering high-density and efficient RF solutions for demanding applications.</h2><a href="https://www.mouser.com/amphenol-smpm-connectors" target="_blank">Amphenol / SV Microwave SMPM Connectors</a> are compact, 20% smaller than SMP connectors, and support frequencies up to 65GHz. These connectors facilitate high-density configurations and compensate for misalignment, making them suitable for aerospace, telecom, and other high-frequency applications. Their push-on design simplifies the installation process, allowing quick and efficient connections without tools.<h2 dir="ltr">Conclusion</h2>The looming security threat posed by quantum computing highlights an immediate need: quantum-proof encryption. As we’ve seen, it's not just about protecting future data but safeguarding the troves of information already in existence.Critical data related to national security, banking, or personal privacy doesn't just need protection; it requires a fortress built on quantum-resistant principles.&nbsp;The call to action is clear: The transition to quantum-proof encryption methods needs to be a priority, ensuring that our secrets, both past and present, remain just that—secret.As the quantum era dawns, the onus is on researchers, policymakers, and industry leaders to collaborate, innovate, and fortify our digital world against the challenges ahead.This article was initially published in "<a href="https://resources.mouser.com/methods/engineering-the-quantum-future" target="_blank">METHODS: Engineering the Quantum Future</a>," an e-magazine by Mouser Electronics. It has been substantially edited by the Wevolver team and <a href="https://www.wevolver.com/profile/ravi.rao" target="_blank">Ravi Y Rao</a>. It's the fifth article in the Engineering the Quantum Future Series. Upcoming articles will introduce readers to more trends and technologies transforming quantum computing.<hr>The&nbsp;<a href="https://www.wevolver.com/article/engineering-the-quantum-future/" target="_blank">introductory article</a>&nbsp;explores the current state of quantum computing, highlighting its challenges and potentialThe&nbsp;<a href="https://www.wevolver.com/article/from-bits-to-qubits-an-introduction-to-quantum-computing/" target="_blank">first article</a>&nbsp;dives into the foundational concepts of quantum computing, covering its theoretical basis, technological evolution, and potential applicationsThe&nbsp;<a href="https://www.wevolver.com/article/breakthroughs-in-quantum-computing/" target="_blank">second article</a>&nbsp;takes a look at some transformative breakthroughs in quantum computingThe&nbsp;<a href="https://www.wevolver.com/article/quantum-computing-and-energy-optimization-a-future-beyond-moores-law/" target="_blank">third article</a>&nbsp;examines the role of quantum computing in enhancing energy efficiencyThe&nbsp;<a href="https://www.wevolver.com/article/the-quantum-web-interconnecting-quantum-processors-for-larger-scale-machines/" target="_blank">fourth article</a>&nbsp;explains quantum interconnectivity, detailing how linking quantum processors can amplify computing powerThe&nbsp;<a href="https://www.wevolver.com/article/the-quantum-threat-to-cybersecurity-and-the-quest-for-quantum-proof-encryption/" target="_blank">fifth article</a>&nbsp;addresses how the advancements in quantum capabilities pose significant challenges to traditional encryption methods and cybersecurityThe&nbsp;<a href="https://www.wevolver.com/article/technical-and-ethical-issues-in-quantum-computing-the-quantum-challenge/" target="_blank">sixth article</a>&nbsp;discusses the technical and ethical challenges of quantum computing as the technology progresses<hr><h2 dir="ltr">References</h2>[1] Rivest RL, Shamir A, Adleman L. A method for obtaining digital signatures and public-key cryptosystems. Commun ACM. 1978 Feb;21(2):120-126. Available from: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1145/359340.359342" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1145/359340.359342</a>[2] Shor PW. Polynomial-Time Algorithms for Prime Factorization and Discrete Logarithms on a Quantum Computer. In: Proceedings of the 35th Annual Symposium on Foundations of Computer Science; 1994 Nov 20-22; Santa Fe, NM. IEEE Computer Society Press; 1994. p. 124-134. Available from: <a href="https://arxiv.org/abs/quant-ph/9508027" target="_blank">https://arxiv.org/abs/quant-ph/9508027</a>[3] Forbes Technology Council. What the Quantum Computing Cybersecurity Preparedness Act Means for National Security [Internet]. Forbes; 2023 Jan 25. Available from: <a href="https://www.forbes.com/sites/forbestechcouncil/2023/01/25/what-the-quantum-computing-cybersecurity-preparedness-act-means-for-national-security/" target="_blank">https://www.forbes.com/sites/forbestechcouncil/2023/01/25/what-the-quantum-computing-cybersecurity-preparedness-act-means-for-national-security/</a>[4] National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST). NIST Announces First Four Quantum-Resistant Cryptographic Algorithms [Internet]. Gaithersburg: NIST; 2022 July 5. Available from: <a href="https://www.nist.gov/news-events/news/2022/07/nist-announces-first-four-quantum-resistant-cryptographic-algorithms" target="_blank">https://www.nist.gov/news-events/news/2022/07/nist-announces-first-four-quantum-resistant-cryptographic-algorithms</a>

Article #5 of Engineering the Quantum Future Series: The looming threat of quantum computing necessitates urgent development and implementation of quantum-proof encryption methods to safeguard our digital future.

The Quantum Threat to Cybersecurity and the Quest for Quantum-Proof Encryption

This is the fourth article in a six-part series featuring articles on "<a href="https://www.wevolver.com/article/engineering-the-quantum-future/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Engineering the Quantum Future</a>". The series explains the revolutionary advancements in quantum computing and their implications for various industries. Each article discusses a specific aspect of this transformative technology, from the fundamental concepts of quantum computing to the practical applications and challenges. This series is sponsored by Mouser Electronics. Through the sponsorship, Mouser Electronics promotes innovation and the exchange of knowledge, aiming to harness the revolutionary capabilities of quantum computing for a smarter and safer technological future.Quantum computing is rapidly advancing beyond the limitations of traditional processing, venturing into the space of interconnected quantum processors. This development is pivotal for creating larger-scale machines that integrate multiple processors, exponentially enhancing computational abilities and operational efficiency. Such interconnected systems promise to address complex challenges across various fields by performing intricate calculations at unprecedented speeds, setting the stage for breakthroughs in science and technology that were once beyond reach.This article explores the cutting-edge field of quantum interconnectivity, detailing how linking quantum processors can amplify computing power and accelerate complex calculations. It dives into the groundbreaking advancements and challenges shaping this rapidly evolving technology.<h2 dir="ltr">Quantum Connectivity: Building the Next Generation of Quantum Processors</h2>From accelerating drug discovery to advancing artificial intelligence and cryptography, quantum computing is expected to positively impact the lives of billions of people worldwide. Forget days, months, and years—quantum computers can rapidly complete complicated tasks in milliseconds. For example, in July of 2023, Google's quantum system outperformed the world's fastest supercomputer when it instantly—and accurately—processed a series of complex calculations that would have taken its rival over 47 years to complete![1]Although it will take some time for quantum computing systems to become as ubiquitous as the laptops, smartphones, and tablets we use every day, Sebastian Weidt, chief executive of Brighton-based start-up Universal Quantum, foresees an exciting future in which quantum computers with thousands of quantum bits (qubits) "deliver value to society in a way that classical computers never will be able to."[2]&nbsp;According to McKinsey, 5,000 quantum computers will likely be operational by 2030, with wider availability of specialized hardware and software expected in 2035.[3] However, system designers can potentially speed this incremental timeline by interconnecting quantum processors to build large-scale, fault-tolerant machines powered by thousands of qubits.&nbsp;What are the advantages and challenges of interconnecting quantum processors, you might ask. Let’s take a closer look at current interconnectivity techniques and explore how quantum systems could be designed in the future.&nbsp;<h2 dir="ltr">Why Interconnect Quantum Processors?</h2>Classical—or conventional Von Neumann computing—utilizes bits stored as either zeros or ones. Unlike classical bits, which can be in one of two states (0 or 1), qubits exist simultaneously in a superposition of both states. This allows quantum computers to process many possibilities at once—a technique known as quantum parallelism. Moreover, qubits can be entangled, meaning the state of one qubit depends on the state of another to support highly coordinated computational processes.&nbsp;Although quantum systems are continuously evolving, most quantum processors currently pack only a limited number of qubits. Interconnecting multiple processors in a single quantum system significantly increases qubit counts while supporting access to crucial computational resources such as on-chip memory. Put simply, this approach allows quantum systems to calculate complex equations more quickly and efficiently for a broader range of practical, real-world applications.&nbsp;Interconnecting quantum processors also enables quantum engineers to increase system-wide fault tolerance and allocate additional qubits to support resource-intensive error correction schemes. The latter typically involves encoding a bit of quantum information into an ensemble of qubits that function as a single logical qubit.&nbsp;<h2 dir="ltr">Challenges in Quantum Interconnection</h2>Interconnecting quantum processors—and the qubits they contain—presents a distinct set of challenges for system designers that differ from those in classical computing. Some of the challenges include:&nbsp;<ul><li dir="ltr">Decoherence:&nbsp;Qubits can lose their quantum state due to interactions with other (system) qubits or the surrounding environment. While beneficial in many ways, interconnecting quantum processors and their qubits increases the chances of decoherence, which can be mitigated with advanced error correction schemes. Researchers at Google Quantum AI recently created a surface code scheme that effectively scales to support an error rate of approximately one in a million.[4]</li><li dir="ltr">Loss of fidelity: As quantum information is transferred between processors and qubits, there's a potential loss of fidelity, meaning the accuracy of information can degrade. Decreasing the critical current, Josephson capacitance, and gate capacitance are just some of the techniques quantum engineers use to maintain fidelity.[5]</li><li dir="ltr">Timing and synchronization: Quantum operations require precise timing for reliable and consistent calculations. Although delivering perfect synchronization across interconnected processors is difficult, researchers are improving clock synchronization reliability with different quantum entanglement techniques.[6]</li></ul><h2 dir="ltr">Current Solutions and Techniques</h2>Despite the challenges, system designers are successfully interconnecting processors and transferring data between quantum processors using various solutions and techniques.&nbsp;For example, photonic technology—including readily available optical switches, splitters, and fiber optic cables—enables quantum data to move seamlessly between processors. By converting the quantum state of a qubit to a photon, transferring the photon to another location, and then converting it back to a qubit state, quantum information can be transmitted between processors without a physical connection.System designers also use quantum repeaters to help maintain data fidelity between multiple processors. Similar in principle to classical repeaters that boost signal strength in traditional networks, quantum repeaters rely on advanced quantum entanglement techniques. According to the Argonne National Laboratory, entanglement swapping is currently the most effective method of transferring quantum information over long and lossy channels without losing or corrupting fragile quantum states.[7]Looking beyond quantum entanglement, a simpler technique called "UQConnect" uses electric field links to move data rapidly and precisely between quantum processors. Researchers at the University of Sussex say UQ Connect, which allows chips to slot together like a jigsaw puzzle to create a large-scale quantum computer, delivers a stable connection rate of 2424/s.[8]Lastly, microwave channels and interconnects are helping system designers link quantum processors and enable the transfer of various quantum states between qubits. However, more work needs to be done in this area, as propagating quantum microwave technology is around two decades behind quantum optics at visible and infrared wavelengths.<h2 dir="ltr">The Future of Quantum Interconnection</h2>As MIT's Bharath Kannan recently noted, the successful implementation of quantum interconnects marks a crucial step toward modular iterations of larger-scale machines built from smaller individual components.[9] To be sure, ensuring seamless communication between smaller subsystems will enable a more modular architecture for quantum processors, which Kannan describes as a "simpler way" of scaling to support larger system sizes.In the future, the need for large-scale quantum machines will only continue to grow, driving innovative new approaches to improve quantum interconnectivity significantly. For example, next-generation quantum systems could feature hybrid architectures that combine different types of qubits across multiple processors to achieve optimal performance. Concurrently, the number of qubits per processor is likely to scale from dozens and hundreds to tens of thousands. &nbsp;Although there are inherent challenges in maintaining fragile quantum states when transferring data between interconnected processors, recent technological advancements and new techniques are paving the way for large-scale quantum machines. The next decade promises exciting developments in this domain, bringing the semiconductor industry closer to designing powerful, interconnected quantum computers capable of solving many real-world problems beyond the reach of classical machines.<h2 dir="ltr">Amphenol SV Microwave Non-Magnetic RF Connectors &amp; Adapters: Revolutionizing Connectivity in Sensitive Environments</h2><img src="https://images.wevolver.com/eyJidWNrZXQiOiJ3ZXZvbHZlci1wcm9qZWN0LWltYWdlcyIsImtleSI6ImZyb2FsYS8xNzIyNDM4OTMxMjkxLWltYWdlMi5qcGciLCJlZGl0cyI6eyJyZXNpemUiOnsid2lkdGgiOjk1MCwiZml0IjoiY292ZXIifX19" style="width: 100%px;" class="fr-fic fr-dib" alt="amphenol-sv-microwave-non-magnetic-rf-connectors-adapters">Amphenol SV Microwave Non-Magnetic RF Connectors, designed for critical applications from medical to quantum computing, ensure pure signal integrity up to 65GHz.<a href="https://www.mouser.com/amphenol-non-magnetic-rf-connectors" target="_blank">Amphenol SV Microwave Non-Magnetic RF Connectors and Adapters</a> are engineered to deliver high performance in environments where magnetic interference is a concern. These connectors and adapters use non-magnetic materials and plating to ensure minimal magnetic susceptibility and no electric field distortion. Available in both threaded (SMA series) and blind-mate (SMPM series) configurations, they support frequencies up to 65GHz. They are particularly suited for critical applications in medical, aerospace, and quantum computing sectors where maintaining signal integrity is crucial.<h2 dir="ltr">Conclusion</h2>Interconnected quantum processors involve linking multiple quantum computing units to enhance collective performance. This approach can surpass current computational limits across a number of sectors, such as medicine and artificial intelligence. Despite facing significant challenges like quantum decoherence and synchronization issues, the potential for faster, more efficient computing could fundamentally extend our understanding of various scientific disciplines.This article was initially published in "<a href="https://resources.mouser.com/methods/engineering-the-quantum-future" target="_blank">METHODS: Engineering the Quantum Future</a>," an e-magazine by Mouser Electronics. It has been substantially edited by the Wevolver team and <a href="https://www.wevolver.com/profile/ravi.rao" target="_blank">Ravi Y Rao</a>. It's the fourth article in the Engineering the Quantum Future Series. Upcoming articles will introduce readers to more trends and technologies transforming quantum computing.<hr>The <a href="https://www.wevolver.com/article/engineering-the-quantum-future/" target="_blank">introductory article</a>&nbsp;explores the current state of quantum computing, highlighting its challenges and potentialThe <a href="https://www.wevolver.com/article/from-bits-to-qubits-an-introduction-to-quantum-computing/" target="_blank">first article</a>&nbsp;dives into the foundational concepts of quantum computing, covering its theoretical basis, technological evolution, and potential applicationsThe <a href="https://www.wevolver.com/article/breakthroughs-in-quantum-computing/" target="_blank">second article</a>&nbsp;takes a look at some transformative breakthroughs in quantum computingThe <a href="https://www.wevolver.com/article/quantum-computing-and-energy-optimization-a-future-beyond-moores-law/" target="_blank">third article</a>&nbsp;examines the role of quantum computing in enhancing energy efficiencyThe <a href="https://www.wevolver.com/article/the-quantum-web-interconnecting-quantum-processors-for-larger-scale-machines/" target="_blank">fourth article</a>&nbsp;explains quantum interconnectivity, detailing how linking quantum processors can amplify computing powerThe <a href="https://www.wevolver.com/article/the-quantum-threat-to-cybersecurity-and-the-quest-for-quantum-proof-encryption/" target="_blank">fifth article</a>&nbsp;addresses how the advancements in quantum capabilities pose significant challenges to traditional encryption methods and cybersecurityThe <a href="https://www.wevolver.com/article/technical-and-ethical-issues-in-quantum-computing-the-quantum-challenge/" target="_blank">sixth article</a>&nbsp;discusses the technical and ethical challenges of quantum computing as the technology progresses<hr><h2 dir="ltr">References</h2>[1] James Titcomb. “Supercomputer Makes Calculations in Blink of an Eye That Take Rivals 47 Years.” The Telegraph, July 2, 2023. <a href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/business/2023/07/02/google-quantum-computer-breakthrough-instant-calculations/" target="_blank">https://www.telegraph.co.uk/business/2023/07/02/google-quantum-computer-breakthrough-instant-calculations/</a>.[2] Universal Quantum. What we do [Internet]. Universal Quantum; Available from: <a href="https://universalquantum.com/what-we-do" target="_blank">https://universalquantum.com/what-we-do</a>[3] “What Is Quantum Computing?” McKinsey &amp; Company, May 1, 2023. <a href="https://www.mckinsey.com/featured-insights/mckinsey-explainers/what-is-quantum-computing" target="_blank">https://www.mckinsey.com/featured-insights/mckinsey-explainers/what-is-quantum-computing</a>[4] Physics World. Breakthrough in quantum error correction could lead to large-scale quantum computers [Internet]. Physics World; 2023 Mar 20. Available from: <a href="https://physicsworld.com/a/breakthrough-in-quantum-error-correction-could-lead-to-large-scale-quantum-computers/" target="_blank">https://physicsworld.com/a/breakthrough-in-quantum-error-correction-could-lead-to-large-scale-quantum-computers/</a>[5] Liang X-T, Xiong Y-J. The Loss of fidelity due to quantum leakage for Josephson charge qubits [Internet]. arXiv; 2004 July 6. Available from: <a href="https://arxiv.org/abs/quant-ph/0407027" target="_blank">https://arxiv.org/abs/quant-ph/0407027</a>[6] Shi J, Shen S. A clock synchronization method based on quantum entanglement. Sci Rep. 2022 Jun 17;12(10185). Available from: <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-022-14087-z" target="_blank">https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-022-14087-z</a>[7] Kevin Jackson. Quantum repeaters and their role in information technology, December 13, 2022. <a href="https://www.anl.gov/article/quantum-repeaters-and-their-role-in-information-technology" target="_blank">https://www.anl.gov/article/quantum-repeaters-and-their-role-in-information-technology</a>[8] M. Akhtar, F. Bonus, F. R. Lebrun-Gallagher, N. I. Johnson, M. Siegele-Brown, S. Hong, S. J. Hile, et al. "A High-Fidelity Quantum Matter-Link between Ion-Trap Microchip Modules." Nature Communications 14, 531 (2023). <a href="https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-022-35285-3" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-022-35285-3</a>.[9] Bharath Kannan, Aziza Almanakly, Youngkyu Sung, Agustin Di Paolo, David A. Rower, Jochen Braumüller, Alexander Melville, et al. "On-Demand Directional Microwave Photon Emission Using Waveguide Quantum Electrodynamics." Nature Physics 19 (2023): 394–400, <a href="https://doi.org/10.1038/s41567-022-01869-5" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1038/s41567-022-01869-5</a>.

A close-up view of a quantum computer chip

Article #4 of Engineering the Quantum Future Series: Interconnected quantum processors link multiple quantum units to enhance system-wide performance, enabling breakthroughs in computing speed and efficiency across diverse scientific fields.

The Quantum Web: Interconnecting Quantum Processors for Larger-Scale Machines

This is the third article in a six-part series featuring articles on "<a href="https://www.wevolver.com/article/engineering-the-quantum-future/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Engineering the Quantum Future</a>". The series explains the revolutionary advancements in quantum computing and their implications for various industries. Each article discusses a specific aspect of this transformative technology, from the fundamental concepts of quantum computing to the practical applications and challenges. This series is sponsored by Mouser Electronics. Through the sponsorship, Mouser Electronics promotes innovation and the exchange of knowledge, aiming to harness the revolutionary capabilities of quantum computing for a smarter and safer technological future.<h2 dir="ltr">Introduction</h2>In a world where the race to net-zero emissions is juxtaposed with the slowing cadence of Moore's law, quantum computing emerges as a ray of hope. While renewable energy sources like solar and wind power are making enormous strides, most of our energy still hinges on fossil fuels.&nbsp;This article examines the significant role quantum computing could have in enhancing energy efficiency and developing new technologies. We will cover its impact on improving solar cells and batteries and its ability to optimize energy use broadly. Expect a discussion on how quantum computing offers technological advancements and contributes to sustainable energy practices, along with an overview of the current challenges and potential applications within this innovative tech sector.<h2 dir="ltr">Quantum Computing Accelerating Developments in Sustainability</h2>The challenges of political dynamics, economic fluctuations, and the limitations of classical Von Neumann computing have often been roadblocks. However, the dawn of quantum systems promises a transformative shift. These systems have the potential not only to rejuvenate the waning Moore's law but also to revolutionize the way we harness and optimize energy. From developing efficient solar cells and batteries to optimizing energy consumption in homes and businesses, quantum computing is all set to play a key role in our journey toward a sustainable future.Harnessing the unparalleled power of quantum bits that can represent multiple states simultaneously, quantum systems offer a level of parallelism that conventional computers can only dream of. Thus, tasks like simulating molecular dynamics for advanced semiconductor processes or optimizing energy consumption across millions of endpoints can be achieved in mere milliseconds. As we delve deeper, we'll explore how quantum computing is not just an upgrade in computational power but a paradigm shift that can redefine our approach to energy optimization and sustainability.&nbsp;Let’s explore how quantum systems can help us build a greener, more sustainable future by supercharging a waning Moore's law and bringing in a new era of near-instantaneous computing.&nbsp;<h2 dir="ltr">Quantum Leaping Moore's Law</h2>For decades, the tech world rode the wave of Moore's law, witnessing a consistent doubling of transistors in microchips and a subsequent explosion of computing power roughly every two years. Yet, as we approach the boundaries of nanometer scaling and transition toward angstrom-level scaling, the once-steady rhythm of Moore's law shows signs of faltering. Enter quantum computing, which holds the potential to redefine these boundaries.&nbsp;In the twilight of Moore's law, quantum systems emerge as game changers. Sidestepping the constraints of traditional Von Neumann architectures, they promise to tackle intricate problems in moments—tasks that even today's supercomputers might need decades to resolve. At the heart of quantum systems lie quantum bits, or qubits. Unlike the binary bits of classical computers that represent either 0 or 1, qubits can simultaneously embody both values through superposition. This unique trait, coupled with the phenomenon of entanglement, unlocks unparalleled parallelism and opens doors to myriad applications.&nbsp;For example, with incredible computing power, quantum systems can help semiconductor fabrication plants run advanced algorithms that simulate and optimize molecular dynamics, nanoelectronics, and nanomaterials on the most advanced processes (i.e., lowest nanometer). Chip designers can also leverage quantum systems to achieve optimal power, performance, and area (PPA) while eliminating electrostatic discharge (ESD) and effectively dissipating excess heat.&nbsp;Hand in hand with quantum advancements, nanotechnology paves the way for precise crafting and control of qubits and their associated devices. From quantum dots and nanowires to nanophotonic circuits, the synergy promises unprecedented precision at the most intricate scales. Using ion implantation, scientists have already achieved one-qubit operation fidelity of up to 99.95 percent and two-qubit fidelity of 99.37 percent with a silicon-based three-qubit system comprising an electron and two phosphorus atoms.[1]<h2 dir="ltr">The Quantum-Energy Nexus: Why It Matters</h2>While still nascent, quantum technology's footprint is already evident across diverse scientific domains, from physics and chemistry to economics and communications. But its implications for energy optimization stand out, starting a new era of efficiency and innovation. Indeed, researchers at the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) and Atom Computing recently introduced an innovative open-source interface that enables quantum computers to interact with power grid infrastructure.[2]According to NREL engineer Sayonsom Chanda, conventional computers aren't designed to handle the exponential scale-up in parameters that the energy industry anticipates over the next two decades.&nbsp;Notes Chanda, "We’re talking millions of inputs and outputs. That’s when classical computers start showing their limits, and quantum computers their benefits."As Chanda explains, every electric vehicle, home appliance, and sensor represents a potential variable. While the interaction, coevolution, and optimization of these variables are far too complex for conventional systems to model accurately, quantum systems can quickly determine the outcome of even the most complicated scenarios in mere milliseconds.&nbsp;Given this backdrop, institutions like NREL anticipate quantum computing to be the key solution for energy sector conundrums. Whether it's swiftly parsing data from countless endpoints, hastening system recoveries post faults, or fortifying inter-device communications, the quantum realm holds the answers. Additional areas where quantum computing is likely to play a crucial role include the following:<ul><li dir="ltr">Simulations:&nbsp;The energy sector depends on complex simulations to develop new types of solar cells, wind generators, and geothermal equipment. Simulations also play a significant role in helping energy companies analyze geological data for oil, gas, and mineral exploration. Although conventional computers may take weeks or even months to run these simulations, quantum computers, with their incredible parallel processing capabilities, can reduce this time to seconds.</li><li>Smart grid management:&nbsp;Managing power grids across geographies has become more challenging with the rise of renewable energy sources, extreme weather, and peak usage overloads. Quantum computers can help intelligently optimize energy distribution in real-time, ensuring electricity is reliably delivered where and when it's needed most.&nbsp;</li></ul><img src="https://images.wevolver.com/eyJidWNrZXQiOiJ3ZXZvbHZlci1wcm9qZWN0LWltYWdlcyIsImtleSI6ImZyb2FsYS8xNzIyNDM3ODA0Mjc2LWltYWdlMi5qcGciLCJlZGl0cyI6eyJyZXNpemUiOnsid2lkdGgiOjk1MCwiZml0IjoiY292ZXIifX19" style="width: 100%px;" class="fr-fic fr-dib" alt="solar-grid">Smart grids of the future may leverage quantum computing to optimize energy distribution, ensuring efficient and reliable electricity delivery across varied geographical landscapes.<ul><li dir="ltr">Material discovery: Identifying new materials that efficiently store energy or conduct electricity with minimal loss is important for a sustainable and greener future. Quantum computers can speed up the discovery process by instantaneously analyzing the properties of countless materials.</li><li dir="ltr">Modeling catalytic reactions: Scientists have proposed converting CO2 into useful chemical products to mitigate greenhouse gas emissions. Although modeling CO2 interactions with large, complex structures such as nanoparticle catalysts is an extremely time-consuming process, quantum systems can precisely infer model reaction mechanisms in milliseconds.</li><li dir="ltr">Sensors: High-performance sensors are used extensively throughout the energy sector for applications such as pipeline integrity, greenhouse gas monitoring, resource discovery, and grid monitoring. One emerging application of quantum computational techniques is the optimization of sensing platforms.</li></ul><h2 dir="ltr">Navigating the Quantum Landscape: Challenges and Prospects</h2>Quantum computing, with its transformative potential, doesn't come without its challenges, especially when applied to the intricate field of energy optimization.To be sure, maintaining qubits in a state of superposition requires extremely low temperatures, often close to absolute zero. Error rates are also currently higher in quantum computations compared to classical ones. Moreover, building scalable quantum systems with interconnected processors that can outperform conventional computers in practical tasks (a point often referred to as "quantum supremacy") is still a work in progress.&nbsp; <img src="https://images.wevolver.com/eyJidWNrZXQiOiJ3ZXZvbHZlci1wcm9qZWN0LWltYWdlcyIsImtleSI6ImZyb2FsYS8xNzIzMjIxODMwNDkyLTUwMjUyOTQyNTIyX2Q1MWY2ZTZjMGJfay5qcGciLCJlZGl0cyI6eyJyZXNpemUiOnsid2lkdGgiOjk1MCwiZml0IjoiY292ZXIifX19" style="width: 100%px;" class="fr-fic fr-dib">Quantum computers require cooling to temperatures near absolute zero, crucial for maintaining the stability of qubits and enabling accurate quantum operations. Their golden appearance is due to the materials used in the construction of the dilution refrigerators, which are essential for achieving and maintaining these low temperatures. IBM Quantum System One (CES 2020) / source<a href="https://www.flickr.com/photos/ibm_research_zurich/50252942522/in/photolist-259cSVy-BQdkR9-qmk5LP-2gXtBc6-2h9m1yg-2gXtB8D-bxArJX-GGdJyp-RmgoS5-SrvZqe-RmgpA9-SotsYf-D1r1VN-CAC6Cu-sjVfC1-2e18V4e-23R2fqS-D3K7hF-22aMzXU-skqXf4-2kRqbZu-2jyFt2u-pBDsAH-2jHrEJR-GMYPvN-2mcZGGs-2m5EWgN-Sp2BiY-Gg6k1A-RDtabK-RDtahM-2jPWQrN-2kRpFVS-2m6JM8u-AZeohj-RDt9Zn-2fkcZ7A-RDta7r-RDtaeF-2kRq6pU-GG3pec-2mKrhmi-R1s5af-R1s6yN-R1s6dC-2mKAkR4-FKQbj4-2mK2RJE-24VJTSD-bxQShv/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">&nbsp;link</a> (CC BY-ND 2.0)Yet, the promise of quantum systems extends beyond mere computational prowess. Poised to redefine sectors from energy to medicine and finance, they herald a future where we transcend the confines of traditional computing, charting new horizons.<h2 dir="ltr">Amphenol Times Microwave Systems MaxGain®: Pioneering Flexibility in Microwave Coaxial Cables<img src="https://images.wevolver.com/eyJidWNrZXQiOiJ3ZXZvbHZlci1wcm9qZWN0LWltYWdlcyIsImtleSI6ImZyb2FsYS8xNzIyNDM3ODMzNzIzLWltYWdlMy5qcGciLCJlZGl0cyI6eyJyZXNpemUiOnsid2lkdGgiOjk1MCwiZml0IjoiY292ZXIifX19" style="width: 100%px;" class="fr-fic fr-dib" alt="amphenol-maxgain-flexible-microware-coaxial-cables">Amphenol's MaxGain® Flexible Microwave Coaxial Cables, offering exceptional flexibility and low loss up to 40GHz, cater to a range of demanding applications</h2><a href="https://www.mouser.com/amphenol-maxgain-coaxial-cables" target="_blank">Amphenol Times Microwave Systems' MaxGain®&nbsp;Flexible Microwave Coaxial Cables</a> are designed for optimal performance in environments requiring high flexibility and durability. Featuring stainless steel connectors and spiral outer conductor technology, these cables provide a low minimum bend radius and lightweight design. They offer a frequency range of DC to 40GHz, ensuring low insertion loss and excellent stability over flexure. Available in various precision interfaces such as Type N, TNC SMA, and more, MaxGain® is ideal for applications demanding low loss and consistent performance through repeated flexing.<h2 dir="ltr">Conclusion</h2>Quantum computing represents a significant leap in advancing energy efficiency and sustainability. This technology enables unprecedented calculations and optimizations in energy systems, from enhancing renewable energy technologies to improving grid management and material discovery. By harnessing quantum computing, we can accelerate our progress towards sustainable energy solutions, ensuring a future where energy is cleaner and more effectively managed and utilized.This article was initially published in "<a href="https://resources.mouser.com/methods/engineering-the-quantum-future" target="_blank">METHODS: Engineering the Quantum Future</a>," an e-magazine by Mouser Electronics. It has been substantially edited by the Wevolver team and <a href="https://www.wevolver.com/profile/ravi.rao" target="_blank">Ravi Y Rao</a>. It's the third article in the Engineering the Quantum Future Series. Upcoming articles will introduce readers to more trends and technologies transforming quantum computing.<hr>The <a href="https://www.wevolver.com/article/engineering-the-quantum-future/" target="_blank">introductory article</a>&nbsp;explores the current state of quantum computing, highlighting its challenges and potentialThe <a href="https://www.wevolver.com/article/from-bits-to-qubits-an-introduction-to-quantum-computing/" target="_blank">first article</a>&nbsp;dives into the foundational concepts of quantum computing, covering its theoretical basis, technological evolution, and potential applicationsThe <a href="https://www.wevolver.com/article/breakthroughs-in-quantum-computing/" target="_blank">second article</a>&nbsp;takes a look at some transformative breakthroughs in quantum computingThe <a href="https://www.wevolver.com/article/quantum-computing-and-energy-optimization-a-future-beyond-moores-law/" target="_blank">third article</a>&nbsp;examines the role of quantum computing in enhancing energy efficiencyThe <a href="https://www.wevolver.com/article/the-quantum-web-interconnecting-quantum-processors-for-larger-scale-machines/" target="_blank">fourth article</a>&nbsp;explains quantum interconnectivity, detailing how linking quantum processors can amplify computing powerThe <a href="https://www.wevolver.com/article/the-quantum-threat-to-cybersecurity-and-the-quest-for-quantum-proof-encryption/" target="_blank">fifth article</a>&nbsp;addresses how the advancements in quantum capabilities pose significant challenges to traditional encryption methods and cybersecurityThe <a href="https://www.wevolver.com/article/technical-and-ethical-issues-in-quantum-computing-the-quantum-challenge/" target="_blank">sixth article</a>&nbsp;discusses the technical and ethical challenges of quantum computing as the technology progresses<hr><h2 dir="ltr">References</h2>[1] M.T. Mądzik, S. Asaad, A. Youssry, et al. "Precision Tomography of a Three-Qubit Donor Quantum Processor in Silicon." Nature 601, 348–353 (2022). <a href="https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-021-04292-7" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-021-04292-7</a>[2] Connor O’Neil, “Quantum Computers Can Now Interface with Power Grid Equipment,” National Renewable Energy Laboratory, July 17, 2023, <a href="https://www.nrel.gov/news/program/2023/quantum-computers-can-now-interface-with-power-grid-equipment.html" target="_blank">https://www.nrel.gov/news/program/2023/quantum-computers-can-now-interface-with-power-grid-equipment.html</a>.

Article #3 of Engineering the Quantum Future Series: Quantum computing advances energy optimization by enabling real-time grid management, precise simulation, optimization of energy systems, and facilitating the integration of renewable sources.

Quantum Computing and Energy Optimization: A Future Beyond Moore's Law

Article #2 of Engineering the Quantum Future Series: Recent breakthroughs in quantum computing made substantial strides, driving closer to practical applications that could revolutionize industries by solving complex computational problems more efficiently.

Breakthroughs in Quantum Computing

Article #1 of Engineering the Quantum Future Series: Quantum computing extends beyond classical binary limits by utilizing qubits, which can exist in multiple states simultaneously, enabling exponentially faster and more complex computations.

From Bits to Qubits - An Introduction to Quantum Computing

This is the introductory article in a six-part series featuring articles on "<a href="https://www.wevolver.com/article/engineering-the-quantum-future/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Engineering the Quantum Future</a>". The series explains the revolutionary advancements in quantum computing and their implications for various industries. Each article discusses a specific aspect of this transformative technology, from the fundamental concepts of quantum computing to the practical applications and challenges. This series is sponsored by Mouser Electronics. Through the sponsorship, Mouser Electronics promotes innovation and the exchange of knowledge, aiming to harness the revolutionary capabilities of quantum computing for a smarter and safer technological future.This article was originally published in '<a href="https://resources.mouser.com/methods/engineering-the-quantum-future" target="_blank">METHODS: Engineering the Quantum Future</a>,' an e-magazine by Mouser Electronics. It has been edited by the Wevolver team and <a href="https://www.wevolver.com/profile/ravi.rao" target="_blank">Ravi Y. Rao</a> to adapt its presentation for a wider audience. While the foundational ideas originate from William Hurley (whurley), this version enhances accessibility and discussion context.&nbsp;<h2 dir="ltr">Introduction</h2>It is a challenge to imbue people with excitement about the practical realities of quantum computing. After all, the vast majority of voices evangelizing the topic routinely pull examples from science fiction rather than fact. At the same time, the naysayers cite how far we are from world-changing quantum breakthroughs. We’re still at the phase where we’re cool enough to fire up people’s imaginations while simultaneously causing the more right-brained among us to dismiss quantum computing as nothing more than a tech hype bubble sector, the latest technology buzz destined to fizzle.This article explores the current state of quantum computing, highlighting its challenges and potential. It addresses the excitement and skepticism surrounding quantum advancements and emphasizes the need for practical understanding and education. The article serves as an introduction to the six-part series "Engineering the Quantum Future" which covers various aspects of quantum computing, from fundamental concepts and technical breakthroughs to practical applications and ethical considerations. Each subsequent article delves into specific trends and technologies shaping the future of quantum computing.<h2 dir="ltr">Dual Nature of Quantum Computing's Promise</h2>Quantum computing garners support for its transformative potential while facing skepticism from those who question its immediate practicality. Both perspectives on quantum computing have a certain validity, with the truth currently hovering somewhere between the two poles.&nbsp;For professional developers who understand how to code for both classical and quantum machines, the future is now.&nbsp;Of course, we all create our own bubbles in life and being so deeply embedded within the quantum sphere, researchers surrounded by people who DO understand, and it’s only when they talk to people outside their field that they realize how much work there is still to do in terms of educating people on quantum computing’s potential.<h2 dir="ltr">Transformative Potential of Quantum Computing</h2>Quantum computing holds limitless potential, representing not just a more efficient way of computing but a whole new way of thinking about computing itself. The future power of quantum computers is unparalleled, and the potential applications are as vast as they are varied.&nbsp;So much of what currently limits our ability to solve problems comes down to time, translated into lifetimes. Since time travel has been deemed impossible (for now), going faster is the next best substitute. Quantum computing is how we unlock it and, in doing so, jumpstart the next technological revolution.&nbsp;Quantum can potentially be even more transformative than the industrial or informational revolutions combined. It is about improving our current systems and redefining them at the most fundamental level. It is strongly believed that the impact of quantum computing on our lives will be profound and far-reaching. It will not only affect our work and daily lives, but it will also significantly impact the future of our species. From eliminating diseases to healing the damage we have done to our planet—even taking us to Mars and beyond—the keys to humanity’s literal survival may well lie inside these magic machines.<h3 dir="ltr">Revolutionizing Healthcare</h3>Quantum computing possesses the remarkable potential to revolutionize the field of medicine and transform healthcare as we know it. Imagine a world where diseases currently deemed incurable, such as cancer and Alzheimer's disease, can be effectively cured. This seemingly far-fetched notion is moving closer to reality through the power of quantum computing.In a recent groundbreaking paper titled "Insights from Incorporating Quantum Computing into Drug Design Workflows" (Bioinformatics, Volume 39, Issue 1), published in January 2023, researchers explored the integration of quantum neural networks to predict the impact of mutations on drug binding.[1] This study exemplifies the promising applications of quantum computing in drug design, where intricate molecular interactions must be analyzed and optimized with unprecedented precision and efficiency. Leading global pharmaceutical companies are actively exploring the use of today's quantum computers to propel scientific discovery. By leveraging the immense computational power of quantum algorithms, quantum-friendly pharma companies aim to accelerate the drug discovery and development process, expediting the identification of potential therapeutic compounds and bringing effective treatments to patients in a fraction of the time.<img src="https://images.wevolver.com/eyJidWNrZXQiOiJ3ZXZvbHZlci1wcm9qZWN0LWltYWdlcyIsImtleSI6ImZyb2FsYS8xNzIyMjM3ODAwOTg0LWltYWdlMy5qcGciLCJlZGl0cyI6eyJyZXNpemUiOnsid2lkdGgiOjk1MCwiZml0IjoiY292ZXIifX19" style="width: 100%px;" class="fr-fic fr-dib" alt="quantum-computing-healthcare">Quantum computing enhances medical research and treatment accuracy, from genomic analysis to personalized medicineThe impact of quantum computing on healthcare, however, goes beyond pharmaceutical advancements. With the ability to process vast amounts of data and optimize complex algorithms, quantum computers will enhance medical imaging techniques, enable more accurate diagnoses, reduce surgery wait times by making hospital administration far more efficient, and contribute to personalized medicine. By analyzing individual patient data and genetic profiles, quantum computing has the potential to assist in tailoring treatments and therapies to specific individuals, optimizing outcomes, and improving patient care on a profound level.Human longevity aside, let’s examine the potential for humanity’s longevity on our planet.<h3 dir="ltr">Addressing Global Climate Challenges</h3>Quantum computing stands poised to make a significant impact in addressing urgent global climate challenges. By harnessing quantum computing’s power, we can greatly enhance our ability to model and predict climate change with unprecedented accuracy. This newfound precision empowers us to take proactive and effective measures to mitigate its impact on our planet and its various ecosystems.Furthermore, quantum computing offers a ray of hope in our pursuit of sustainable energy solutions by assisting in the development of novel and efficient energy sources to replace or reduce our dependence on fossil fuels. These advancements can revolutionize renewable energy technologies, optimize energy distribution systems, and accelerate the transition to a low-carbon future.From a material science environmental angle, quantum computing also has much to offer. By unraveling intricate molecular structures and properties, quantum computers can guide researchers towards innovative solutions that mitigate the environmental impact of single-use plastics, providing a sustainable path towards a cleaner and greener planet.<h3 dir="ltr">Solving Global Issues</h3>Poverty, inequality, and global conflict are also big problems that can be broken down into data sets that quantum computers could munch through, allowing us to see solutions we may not have been able to see before through the extraction of meaningful insights.&nbsp;<h2 dir="ltr">Ethical and Social Implications</h2>Every light casts its shadow, however, and as we embark on this exciting new era of quantum computing, we must also be mindful of the technology's ethical and social implications.&nbsp;One critical aspect of the ethical considerations surrounding quantum computing is the potential exacerbation of existing inequalities or the creation of new ones. As this technology advances, it is crucial to address the digital divide and ensure equitable access to quantum computing resources, knowledge, and opportunities. Efforts must be made to prevent the marginalization of underprivileged communities or perpetuate societal disparities. By fostering inclusivity and providing equal access to quantum computing education and infrastructure, we can strive for a future where everyone has the chance to benefit from its advancements.Additionally, privacy and data security are critical concerns in the age of quantum computing. Quantum computers possess the potential to break currently challenging encryption algorithms, raising questions about the security of sensitive information. Robust encryption methods must be developed and implemented to safeguard personal data, financial systems, and sensitive communications from potential threats. Ethical frameworks and regulations should be established to protect individuals and organizations from the misuse of quantum computing capabilities, ensuring responsible and secure practices.Furthermore, we must actively engage in ongoing discussions surrounding the ethical implications of quantum computing in fields such as healthcare, artificial intelligence, and autonomous systems. Transparent and inclusive dialog involving experts, policymakers, and society can help navigate the ethical challenges that arise and shape the development of guidelines and best practices while safeguarding against unintended consequences.Future articles in the "Engineering the Quantum Future" series will dive into these topics in great detail, providing comprehensive insights and developments in the field of quantum computing.<h2 dir="ltr" id="isPasted">Conclusion</h2>All caveats aside, we remain &nbsp;quantum computing optimists and enthusiasts, with the belief that the technology will be the savior of the future of our species.&nbsp;Let us embrace this technology with open arms and use it to create a better and brighter future for all. It won’t be long before you connect the quantum dots between quantum’s potential and every primary sector of society.This article was initially published in "<a href="https://resources.mouser.com/methods/engineering-the-quantum-future" target="_blank">METHODS: Engineering the Quantum Future</a>," an e-magazine by Mouser Electronics. It has been substantially edited by the Wevolver team and <a href="https://www.wevolver.com/profile/ravi.rao" target="_blank">Ravi Y Rao</a>. It's the introductory article to Engineering the Quantum Future Series. Upcoming articles will introduce readers to more trends and technologies transforming quantum computing.<hr>The&nbsp;<a href="https://www.wevolver.com/article/engineering-the-quantum-future/" target="_blank">introductory article</a>&nbsp;explores the current state of quantum computing, highlighting its challenges and potentialThe&nbsp;<a href="https://www.wevolver.com/article/from-bits-to-qubits-an-introduction-to-quantum-computing/" target="_blank">first article</a>&nbsp;dives into the foundational concepts of quantum computing, covering its theoretical basis, technological evolution, and potential applicationsThe&nbsp;<a href="https://www.wevolver.com/article/breakthroughs-in-quantum-computing/" target="_blank">second article</a>&nbsp;takes a look at some transformative breakthroughs in quantum computingThe <a href="https://www.wevolver.com/article/quantum-computing-and-energy-optimization-a-future-beyond-moores-law/" target="_blank">third article</a>&nbsp;examines the role of quantum computing in enhancing energy efficiencyThe <a href="https://www.wevolver.com/article/the-quantum-web-interconnecting-quantum-processors-for-larger-scale-machines/" target="_blank">fourth article</a>&nbsp;explains quantum interconnectivity, detailing how linking quantum processors can amplify computing powerThe <a href="https://www.wevolver.com/article/the-quantum-threat-to-cybersecurity-and-the-quest-for-quantum-proof-encryption/" target="_blank">fifth article</a>&nbsp;addresses how the advancements in quantum capabilities pose significant challenges to traditional encryption methods and cybersecurityThe&nbsp;<a href="https://www.wevolver.com/article/technical-and-ethical-issues-in-quantum-computing-the-quantum-challenge/" target="_blank">sixth article</a>&nbsp;discusses the technical and ethical challenges of quantum computing as the technology progresses<hr><h2 dir="ltr">Reference</h2>[1] Lau B, Emani PS, Chapman J, Yao L, Lam T, Merrill P, et al. Insights from incorporating quantum computing into drug design workflows. Bioinformatics. 2023 Jan 1;39(1). doi: 10.1093/bioinformatics/btac789. PMID: 36477833; PMCID: PMC9825754. Available from: <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36477833/" target="_blank">https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36477833/</a>

Introducing the Engineering the Quantum Future Series: Quantum computing redefines our approach to complex challenges, expanding the scope of what's possible across multiple disciplines.

Engineering the Quantum Future

To perform quantum computations, quantum bits (qubits) must be cooled down to temperatures in the millikelvin range (close to -273 Celsius), to slow down atomic motion and minimize noise. However, the electronics used to manage these quantum circuits generate heat, which is difficult to remove at such low temperatures. Most current technologies must therefore separate quantum circuits from their electronic components, causing noise and inefficiencies that hinder the realization of larger quantum systems beyond the lab.Researchers in EPFL’s Laboratory of Nanoscale Electronics and Structures (<a href="https://www.epfl.ch/labs/lanes/" target="_blank">LANES</a>), led by Andras Kis, in the School of Engineering have now fabricated a device that not only operates at extremely low temperatures, but does so with efficiency comparable to current technologies at room temperature.“We are the first to create a device that matches the conversion efficiency of current technologies, but that operates at the low magnetic fields and ultra-low temperatures required for quantum systems. This work is truly a step ahead,” says LANES PhD student Gabriele Pasquale.<img src="https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/wevolver-project-images/froala%2F1720423311817-4bf70bb8.jpg" style="width: 100%px;" class="fr-fic fr-dib">3D schematic of the device showing an indium selenide channel (purple), graphene electrodes (horizontal bands), and a laser beam (red) © LANES EPFLThe innovative device combines the excellent electrical conductivity of graphene with the semiconductor properties of indium selenide. Only a few atoms thick, it behaves as a two-dimensional object, and this novel combination of materials and structure yields its unprecedented performance. The achievement has been published in <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41565-024-01717-y" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Nature Nanotechnology</a>.Harnessing&nbsp;the Nernst&nbsp;effectThe device exploits the Nernst effect: a complex thermoelectric phenomenon that generates an electrical voltage when a magnetic field is applied perpendicular to an object with a varying temperature. The two-dimensional nature of the lab’s device allows the efficiency of this mechanism to be controlled electrically.<img src="https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/wevolver-project-images/froala%2F1720423397403-ezgif-7-1b80721e5b.jpg" style="width: 100%px;" class="fr-fic fr-dib">Andras Kis and Gabriele Pasquale with the LANES lab's dilution refrigerator © Alain HerzogThe 2D structure was fabricated at the EPFL Center for MicroNanoTechnology and the LANES lab. Experiments involved using a laser as a heat source, and a specialized dilution refrigerator to reach 100 millikelvin – a temperature even colder than outer space. Converting heat to voltage at such low temperatures is usually extremely challenging, but the novel device and its harnessing of the Nernst effect make this possible, filling a critical gap in quantum technology.“If you think of a laptop in a cold office, the laptop will still heat up as it operates, causing the temperature of the room to increase as well. In quantum computing systems, there is currently no mechanism to prevent this heat from disturbing the qubits. Our device could provide this necessary cooling,” Pasquale says.<img src="https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/wevolver-project-images/froala%2F1720423443440-b407d130.jpg" style="width: 100%px;" class="fr-fic fr-dib">Gabriele Pasquale with the LANES lab's dilution refrigerator © Alain HerzogA physicist by training, Pasquale emphasizes that this research is significant because it sheds light on thermopower conversion at low temperatures – an underexplored phenomenon until now. Given the high conversion efficiency and the use of potentially manufacturable electronic components, the LANES team also believes their device could already be integrated into existing low-temperature quantum circuits.“These findings represent a major advancement in nanotechnology and hold promise for developing advanced cooling technologies essential for quantum computing at millikelvin temperatures,” Pasquale says. “We believe this achievement could revolutionize cooling systems for future technologies.”<hr>ReferencesPasquale, G., Sun, Z., Migliato Marega, G. et al. Electrically tunable giant Nernst effect in two-dimensional van der Waals heterostructures. Nat. Nanotechnol. (2024). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41565-024-01717-y

The LANES lab's 2D device made of graphene and indium selenide © Alain Herzog

EPFL engineers have created a device that can efficiently convert heat into electrical voltage at temperatures lower than that of outer space. 

A 2D device for quantum cooling

Quantum computers hold the promise of being able to quickly solve extremely complex problems that might take the world’s most powerful supercomputer decades to crack.But achieving that performance involves building a system with millions of interconnected building blocks called qubits. Making and controlling so many qubits in a hardware architecture is an enormous challenge that scientists around the world are striving to meet.Toward this goal, researchers at MIT and MITRE have demonstrated a scalable, modular hardware platform that integrates thousands of interconnected qubits onto a customized integrated circuit. This “quantum-system-on-chip” (QSoC) architecture enables the researchers to precisely tune and control a dense array of qubits. Multiple chips could be connected using optical networking to create a large-scale quantum communication network.By tuning qubits across 11 frequency channels, this QSoC architecture allows for a new proposed protocol of “entanglement multiplexing” for large-scale quantum computing.The team spent years perfecting an intricate process for manufacturing two-dimensional arrays of atom-sized qubit microchiplets and transferring thousands of them onto a carefully prepared complementary metal-oxide semiconductor (CMOS) chip. This transfer can be performed in a single step.“We will need a large number of qubits, and great control over them, to really leverage the power of a quantum system and make it useful. We are proposing a brand new architecture and a fabrication technology that can support the scalability requirements of a hardware system for a quantum computer,” says Linsen Li, an electrical engineering and computer science (EECS) graduate student and lead author of a paper on this architecture.Li’s co-authors include Ruonan Han, an associate professor in EECS, leader of the Terahertz Integrated Electronics Group, and member of the Research Laboratory of Electronics (RLE); senior author Dirk Englund, professor of EECS, principal investigator of the Quantum Photonics and Artificial Intelligence Group and of RLE; as well as others at MIT, Cornell University, the Delft Institute of Technology, the U.S. Army Research Laboratory, and the MITRE Corporation. The <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-024-07371-7" target="_blank">paper appears today</a> in Nature.<img src="https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/wevolver-project-images/froala%2F1717028405505-MIT-Quantum_Chip-01-press+%281%29.jpg" style="width: 100%px;" class="fr-fic fr-dib">Researchers developed a modular fabrication process to produce a quantum-system-on-chip which integrates an array of artificial atom qubits onto a semiconductor chip. Image: Sampson Wilcox and Linsen Li, RLE<h2>Diamond microchiplets</h2>While there are many types of qubits, the researchers chose to use diamond color centers because of their scalability advantages. They previously used such qubits to <a href="https://news.mit.edu/2020/scaling-quantum-chip-0708" target="_blank">produce integrated quantum chips</a> with photonic circuitry.Qubits made from diamond color centers are “artificial atoms” that carry quantum information. Because diamond color centers are solid-state systems, the qubit manufacturing is compatible with modern semiconductor fabrication processes. They are also compact and have relatively long coherence times, which refers to the amount of time a qubit’s state remains stable, due to the clean environment provided by the diamond material.In addition, diamond color centers have photonic interfaces which allows them to be remotely entangled, or connected, with other qubits that aren’t adjacent to them.“The conventional assumption in the field is that the inhomogeneity of the diamond color center is a drawback compared to identical quantum memory like ions and neutral atoms. However, we turn this challenge into an advantage by embracing the diversity of the artificial atoms: Each atom has its own spectral frequency. This allows us to communicate with individual atoms by voltage tuning them into resonance with a laser, much like tuning the dial on a tiny radio,” says Englund.This is especially difficult because the researchers must achieve this at a large scale to compensate for the qubit inhomogeneity in a large system.To communicate across qubits, they need to have multiple such “quantum radios” dialed into the same channel. Achieving this condition becomes near-certain when scaling to thousands of qubits. To this end, the researchers surmounted that challenge by integrating a large array of diamond color center qubits onto a CMOS chip which provides the control dials. The chip can be incorporated with built-in digital logic that rapidly and automatically reconfigures the voltages, enabling the qubits to reach full connectivity.“This compensates for the in-homogenous nature of the system. With the CMOS platform, we can quickly and dynamically tune all the qubit frequencies,” Li explains.<h2>Lock-and-release fabrication</h2>To build this QSoC, the researchers developed a fabrication process to transfer diamond color center “microchiplets” onto a CMOS backplane at a large scale.They started by fabricating an array of diamond color center microchiplets from a solid block of diamond. They also designed and fabricated nanoscale optical antennas that enable more efficient collection of the photons emitted by these color center qubits in free space.Then, they designed and mapped out the chip from the semiconductor foundry. Working in the MIT.nano cleanroom, they post-processed a CMOS chip to add microscale sockets that match up with the diamond microchiplet array.They built an in-house transfer setup in the lab and applied a lock-and-release process to integrate the two layers by locking the diamond microchiplets into the sockets on the CMOS chip. Since the diamond microchiplets are weakly bonded to the diamond surface, when they release the bulk diamond horizontally, the microchiplets stay in the sockets.“Because we can control the fabrication of both the diamond and the CMOS chip, we can make a complementary pattern. In this way, we can transfer thousands of diamond chiplets into their corresponding sockets all at the same time,” Li says.The researchers demonstrated a 500-micron by 500-micron area transfer for an array with 1,024 diamond nanoantennas, but they could use larger diamond arrays and a larger CMOS chip to further scale up the system. In fact, they found that with more qubits, tuning the frequencies actually requires less voltage for this architecture.“In this case, if you have more qubits, our architecture will work even better,” Li says.The team tested many nanostructures before they determined the ideal microchiplet array for the lock-and-release process. However, making quantum microchiplets is no easy task, and the process took years to perfect.“We have iterated and developed the recipe to fabricate these diamond nanostructures in MIT cleanroom, but it is a very complicated process. It took 19 steps of nanofabrication to get the diamond quantum microchiplets, and the steps were not straightforward,” he adds.Alongside their QSoC, the researchers developed an approach to characterize the system and measure its performance on a large scale. To do this, they built a custom cryo-optical metrology setup.Using this technique, they demonstrated an entire chip with over 4,000 qubits that could be tuned to the same frequency while maintaining their spin and optical properties. They also built a digital twin simulation that connects the experiment with digitized modeling, which helps them understand the root causes of the observed phenomenon and determine how to efficiently implement the architecture.In the future, the researchers could boost the performance of their system by refining the materials they used to make qubits or developing more precise control processes. They could also apply this architecture to other solid-state quantum systems.This work was supported by the MITRE Corporation Quantum Moonshot Program, the U.S. National Science Foundation, the U.S. Army Research Office, the Center for Quantum Networks, and the European Union’s Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Program.

Researchers developed a modular fabrication process to produce a quantum-system-on-chip which integrates an array of artificial atom qubits onto a semiconductor chip. Image: Sampson Wilcox and Linsen Li, RLE

A new quantum-system-on-chip enables the efficient control of a large array of qubits, moving toward practical quantum computing.

Modular, scalable hardware architecture for a quantum computer

ITMO University is home to top-tier BICs specialists whose <a href="https://www.ufn.ru/ufn2023/ufn2023_5/ufn235c.pdf" target="_blank" data-lf-fd-inspected-kn9eq4roawkarlvp="true">work</a> ranks in the top 1% of the most referenced articles in physics. To learn more about BICs and what makes them so appealing to scientists, ITMO.NEWS reached out to Zarina Kondratenko, one of the authors of this prominent study.&nbsp;<h3 dir="ltr">Bound states in the continuum (BICs)</h3>Scientists define a bound state as “locked” or localized energy in a resonator. It is observed in optics, quantum mechanics, acoustics, and other fields of physics. In acoustics, for instance, a resonator might be an organ pipe or a guitar body – in short, any hollow body that reproduces and amplifies sounds of a specific height.&nbsp;A continuum, on the other hand, is a collection of states (waves) that can move freely within a resonator. This begs the question: how could these definitions possibly be combined into one? And how can something free be locked?&nbsp;One exception to this are BICs. They represent a special type of resonator state with an infinite Q factor, which allows energy to remain inside the system without leaking away.&nbsp;<h3 dir="ltr">Discovery</h3>In 1929, physicists John von Neumann and Eugene Wigner solved the equation of an unconventional quantum well – sinus-shaped instead of the usual constant – thus offering a new solution: bound states in the continuum.<img src="https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/wevolver-project-images/froala%2F1716336763392-1375707.jpg" style="width: 100%px;" class="fr-fic fr-dib">The diagram shows the difference between the conventional quantum well (first) and the one discovered in 1929 (second). Illustrations by the researchers<img src="https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/wevolver-project-images/froala%2F1716336782642-1375706.jpg" style="width: 100%px;" class="fr-fic fr-dib">The top line in the diagram is similar to the BIC state. The red lines show the wave function of an electron (the probability of finding an electron at a specific point in space). Illustrations by the researchersA quantum well is a sort of trap for quantum particles (such as electrons) that have insufficient energy to escape the well. An analog of a quantum well in optics is a fiber-optic internet cable or a glowing fiber-optic lamp.<img src="https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/wevolver-project-images/froala%2F1716336803701-1375700.jpg" style="width: 100%px;" class="fr-fic fr-dib">A fiber-optic lamp. Credit: photogenica.ru&nbsp;The discovery did not have much effect at the time, and their work was ranked as a mathematical problem that had nothing to do with genuine physical objects. Attempts to build a physical system for BICs took place in the 1970s, but they did not proceed to trials.The first BICs in optics were <a href="https://journals.aps.org/prl/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevLett.107.183901" target="_blank">presented</a> in 2011 by scientists from the Friedrich Schiller University Jena (Germany) and the Israel Institute of Technology. Since then, BICs have been actively studied in optics.&nbsp;Even later, in 2022, researchers from ITMO successfully <a href="https://news.itmo.ru/en/science/photonics/news/12436/" target="_blank">disproved</a> a theorem that claimed that there were no non-radiating states in compact acoustic resonators. Although the theorem stated that oscillations in open resonance systems must fade out by radiating energy into the surrounding medium, the physicists were able to calculate the shapes of acoustic resonators to which this theorem would not apply. In the discovered systems, the oscillation energy is not emitted, but rather remains inside.<h3 dir="ltr">How BICs work</h3>Today, BICs can be obtained using resonators of particular geometric shapes, including metasurfaces. The most common is a diffraction grating, which is an optical surface consisting of many splits (gaps/protrusions).<img src="https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/wevolver-project-images/froala%2F1716336824322-1375703.jpg" style="width: 100%px;" class="fr-fic fr-dib">A diffraction grating. Illustrations by the researchersBICs are rather sensitive to changes in the parameters of the metasurface, be it the period and thickness of the structure or the shape of the metaatom, which allows researchers to adjust the characteristics of BICs, such as the resonance wavelength.The fine-tuning also means that, through fiber-optic communications, researchers can transmit light at varied wavelengths: short wavelengths (1,310 nm and 1,550 nm) are used for data transmission, while long wavelengths (1,490 nm and 1,625 nm) – for telecommunications.Also, all materials absorb electromagnetic energy. This depends on the wavelength and the value can be negligibly small, including zero. If the goal is to completely eliminate it, BICs can be tuned to a certain wavelength.&nbsp;<h3 dir="ltr">Prospects</h3>BICs are one of the most promising tools when it comes to controlling light and improving its interaction with matter. Because of their high Q factor, BICs may boost the intensity of incoming radiation by millions of times.These properties can be used to develop not only next-gen optical communications, but also compact optical devices for optical integrated circuits, such as ultrasensitive biological and chemical sensors, highly-efficient nanolasers, and optical integrated chips for optical computers.<img src="https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/wevolver-project-images/froala%2F1716336844084-1375708.jpg" style="width: 100%px;" class="fr-fic fr-dib">Credit: photogenica.ru&nbsp;<h3 dir="ltr" id="isPasted">BICs studies at ITMO</h3>The researchers at ITMO’s Faculty of Physics are pursuing new photon structures for BICs, which can potentially lower the technological requirements for the production of optical devices and create new avenues for resonance systems in the future.&nbsp;The physicists are also studying how BICs are affected by structure disorder, the size of metastructure, and other flaws that occur during the manufacturing process. The creation of stable miniature BICs-enabled photon structures will pave the way for more compact planar sensors, low-threshold lasers, and nonlinear optical components.Additionally, the researchers at ITMO are currently working on new devices using their BICs knowledge. For instance, a team of researchers from ITMO’s Faculty of Physics, the Non-Linear Physics Centre of the Australian National University, and Korea University&nbsp;<a href="https://news.itmo.ru/en/news/12087/" target="_blank">have developed</a> an ultra-efficient compact nanolaser based on a photonic crystal waveguide, which uses BICs to generate radiation.

Bound states in the continuum (BICs) are at the basis of ultra-sensitive sensors, compact optical devices, and optical computers. In this article, Zarina Kondratenko, a senior researcher at ITMO’s Faculty of Physics, unravels the conundrum and shares ongoing projects in the field by ITMO researchers

Bound States in the Continuum: Theory and Applications

Among the first benefits to be revealed are its ability to resolve convoluted optimisation issues and enhance the value of simulation. One of its most important features is the power to refine supply chain management.&nbsp;<h2 dir="ltr">What is Quantum Computing?</h2>Quantum computing is the application of quantum mechanics to computer science. Standard computers process data sequentially, in bits (binary digits), either on or off, 1 or 0. Qubits (quantum bits) are no longer confined to a binary system, as they can exist in multiple states simultaneously. Quantum computers perform complex calculations using quantum phenomena like <a href="https://scienceexchange.caltech.edu/topics/quantum-science-explained/entanglement" title="Entanglement" target="_blank" rel="nofollow">entanglement</a> and <a href="https://scienceexchange.caltech.edu/topics/quantum-science-explained/quantum-superposition" title="Superposition" target="blank" rel="nofollow">superposition</a>, which makes them incredibly fast and efficient. As a result, quantum computing can solve problems that standard computers can’t even begin to cope with.Why do we need quantum computing? Because new developments demand new ways of tackling the new challenges they pose. In computer science, the computational challenges of Industry 4.0 and our connected world are beyond the power of standard computing. Quantum computing helps tackle these challenges more accurately and efficiently by unlocking the ability to solve more complex problems.&nbsp;<h2 dir="ltr">What’s The Advantage of Quantum Computing to Manufacturers?</h2>Quantum technology can be transformative in manufacturing. One of its significant benefits is in the optimisation of your manufacturing operations. Quantum algorithms can be applied in various areas, such as factory flows, vehicle routing and supply chain configurations. Using powerful quantum computers means you can streamline processes, improve efficiency, and significantly reduce costs.&nbsp;There are several ways in which these benefits can be derived:<h3 dir="ltr">MACHINE LEARNING (ML) AND AI</h3>Applying machine learning (ML) to quantum computing brings significant advantages in manufacturing. Quantum algorithms can be designed to detect production anomalies, enhancing fault detection and quality control. This will result in greater efficiency in all your manufacturing processes and more excellent product reliability. ML is also particularly valuable for predictive maintenance, where it can improve equipment maintenance schedules and predict future repair requirements.<h3 dir="ltr">SIMULATION</h3>Quantum computing could have a significant effect on product design. Many manufacturers already use computer simulation to assist with product design and diagnostics. However, standard computer simulations have the potential to accumulate safety margins, which can result in product weight differences. Applying quantum computing to simulations would increase precision and accuracy since more detailed parameters could be included. These might incorporate calculations for every component, including system loads, paths, vibration parameters and noise.&nbsp;<h3 dir="ltr">OPTIMISATION</h3>You could optimise the manufacturing of individual parts and their impact on the whole system. This would help reduce the likely impact of accumulated safety margins, reducing costs without forfeiting overall system performance. Quantum computing can even perform simulations on a microscopic scale, such as chemical reactions or the behaviour of molecules.&nbsp;Quantum computing will significantly impact computational fluid dynamics (CFD). Manufacturers in sectors like automotive, transportation and aerospace can leverage quantum simulations to create precision models and analyse fluid flows around various vehicle types. This would help to optimise their aerodynamic characteristics, performance and fuel efficiency.<h3 dir="ltr">SUPPLY CHAIN OPTIMISATION</h3>Quantum computing could be an essential addition to your digital supply chain toolbox. It’s capable of optimising entire supply chain networks, however complex. It considers multiple factors like demand fluctuations, inventory levels and transportation routes. Big data analysis of this information can offer new ways to reduce delivery times, minimise costs and improve overall efficiency. It could also optimise vendor ordering, reduce lost sales and use dynamic real-time decision-making to improve logistics.&nbsp;<h2 dir="ltr">The Potential of Quantum Computing in Manufacturing</h2>The above are just some of the first benefits derived from quantum computing. In conjunction with Industry 4.0, this technology could profoundly impact design, control and quality assurance.&nbsp;We’re still in the very early stage of the development of quantum computing – what experts call the “Noisy Intermediate Scale Quantum (NISQ)” phase. This stage of development offers small-scale devices for practical applications, using just a few hundred qubits, and they’re still prone to some error rates. However, technology is evolving rapidly, and experts predict significant progress in quantum computing in the next decade, with the production of more robust and reliable machines.Quantum computing will offer significant benefits, but this technology has a downside. As always, developmental steps bring simultaneous advances in criminal threats, impacting current encryption systems. Quantum computing could break current encryption codes, threatening our current systems of mobile data, IoT, e-banking and e-commerce. Researchers are developing encryptions that will be proof against quantum computer attacks to combat this.<h2 dir="ltr">The Future of Quantum Computing</h2>Quantum computing offers a vast potential to the world, including manufacturing. Researchers are working on universal quantum computers that are error-corrected, more significant in scale and able to run any quantum algorithm. This opens up a wealth of possibilities, like developing room-temperature superconductors, sourcing new materials for renewable energies and addressing the convoluted challenges of climate change.Manufacturers could leverage ML to optimise all sorts of processes, with quantum algorithms transforming their operations. You’ll be fostering innovation, reducing costs and improving efficiency. Instead of concentrating on quantum computing as a threat, you must focus on its revolutionising power for your operational processes. Explore its potential applications, stay informed on developments, and prepare for a quantum-powered future. We may not be there yet, but quantum computing is on the threshold of providing significant benefits for manufacturers.

Technological advances have emerged from Industry 4.0, but quantum computing will take the fourth industrial revolution to a whole new level. Although it’s still in its infancy, researchers and business leaders are already exploring the potential role of quantum computing in manufacturing.

The Role Of Quantum Computing In Manufacturing

Entanglement is a form of correlation between quantum objects, such as particles at the atomic scale. This uniquely quantum phenomenon cannot be explained by the laws of classical physics, yet it is one of the properties that explains the macroscopic behavior of quantum systems.Because entanglement is central to the way quantum systems work, understanding it better could give scientists a deeper sense of how information is stored and processed efficiently in such systems.Qubits, or quantum bits, are the building blocks of a quantum computer. However, it is extremely difficult to make specific entangled states in many-qubit systems, let alone investigate them. There are also a variety of entangled states, and telling them apart can be challenging.Now, MIT researchers have demonstrated a technique to efficiently generate entanglement among an array of superconducting qubits that exhibit a specific type of behavior.Over the past years, the researchers at the Engineering Quantum Systems (<a href="https://equs.mit.edu/" target="_blank">EQuS</a>) group have developed techniques using microwave technology to precisely control a quantum processor composed of superconducting circuits. In addition to these control techniques, the methods introduced in this work enable the processor to efficiently generate highly entangled states and shift those states from one type of entanglement to another — including between types that are more likely to support quantum speed-up and those that are not.“Here, we are demonstrating that we can utilize the emerging quantum processors as a tool to further our understanding of physics. While everything we did in this experiment was on a scale which can still be simulated on a classical computer, we have a good roadmap for scaling this technology and methodology beyond the reach of classical computing,” says Amir H. Karamlou ’18, MEng ’18, PhD ’23, the lead author of the paper.The senior author is William D. Oliver, the Henry Ellis Warren professor of electrical engineering and computer science and of physics, director of the Center for Quantum Engineering, leader of the EQuS group, and associate director of the Research Laboratory of Electronics. Karamlou and Oliver are joined by Research Scientist Jeff Grover, postdoc Ilan Rosen, and others in the departments of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science and of Physics at MIT, at MIT Lincoln Laboratory, and at Wellesley College and the University of Maryland. The&nbsp;<a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-024-07325-z" target="_blank">research appears today in&nbsp;Nature</a>.<h2>Assessing entanglement</h2>In a large quantum system comprising many interconnected qubits, one can think about entanglement as the amount of quantum information shared between a given subsystem of qubits and the rest of the larger system.The entanglement within a quantum system can be categorized as area-law or volume-law, based on how this shared information scales with the geometry of subsystems. In volume-law entanglement, the amount of entanglement between a subsystem of qubits and the rest of the system grows proportionally with the total size of the subsystem.On the other hand, area-law entanglement depends on how many shared connections exist between a subsystem of qubits and the larger system. As the subsystem expands, the amount of entanglement only grows along the boundary between the subsystem and the larger system.In theory, the formation of volume-law entanglement is related to what makes quantum computing so powerful.“While have not yet fully abstracted the role that entanglement plays in quantum algorithms, we do know that generating volume-law entanglement is a key ingredient to realizing a quantum advantage,” says Oliver.However, volume-law entanglement is also more complex than area-law entanglement and practically prohibitive at scale to simulate using a classical computer.“As you increase the complexity of your quantum system, it becomes increasingly difficult to simulate it with conventional computers. If I am trying to fully keep track of a system with 80 qubits, for instance, then I would need to store more information than what we have stored throughout the history of humanity,” Karamlou says.The researchers created a quantum processor and control protocol that enable them to efficiently generate and probe both types of entanglement.Their processor comprises superconducting circuits, which are used to engineer artificial atoms. The artificial atoms are utilized as qubits, which can be controlled and read out with high accuracy using microwave signals.The device used for this experiment contained 16 qubits, arranged in a two-dimensional grid. The researchers carefully tuned the processor so all 16 qubits have the same transition frequency. Then, they applied an additional microwave drive to all of the qubits simultaneously.If this microwave drive has the same frequency as the qubits, it generates quantum states that exhibit volume-law entanglement. However, as the microwave frequency increases or decreases, the qubits exhibit less volume-law entanglement, eventually crossing over to entangled states that increasingly follow an area-law scaling.<h2>Careful control</h2>“Our experiment is a tour de force of the capabilities of superconducting quantum processors. In one experiment, we operated the processor both as an analog simulation device, enabling us to efficiently prepare states with different entanglement structures, and as a digital computing device, needed to measure the ensuing entanglement scaling,” says Rosen.To enable that control, the team put years of work into carefully building up the infrastructure around the quantum processor.By demonstrating the crossover from volume-law to area-law entanglement, the researchers experimentally confirmed what theoretical studies had predicted. More importantly, this method can be used to determine whether the entanglement in a generic quantum processor is area-law or volume-law.“The MIT experiment underscores the distinction between area-law and volume-law entanglement in two-dimensional quantum simulations using superconducting qubits. This beautifully complements our work on entanglement Hamiltonian tomography with trapped ions in a&nbsp;<a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-023-06768-0" target="_blank">parallel publication</a> published in&nbsp;Nature in 2023,” says Peter Zoller, a professor of theoretical physics at the University of Innsbruck, who was not involved with this work.“Quantifying entanglement in large quantum systems is a challenging task for classical computers but a good example of where quantum simulation could help,” says Pedram Roushan of Google, who also was not involved in the study. “Using a 2D array of superconducting qubits, Karamlou and colleagues were able to measure entanglement entropy of various subsystems of various sizes. They measure the volume-law and area-law contributions to entropy, revealing crossover behavior as the system’s quantum state energy is tuned. It powerfully demonstrates the unique insights quantum simulators can offer.”In the future, scientists could utilize this technique to study the thermodynamic behavior of complex quantum systems, which is too complex to be studied using current analytical methods and practically prohibitive to simulate on even the world’s most powerful supercomputers.“The experiments we did in this work can be used to characterize or benchmark larger-scale quantum systems, and we may also learn something more about the nature of entanglement in these many-body systems,” says Karamlou.Additional co-authors of the study are<a target="_blank">&nbsp;</a>Sarah E. Muschinske, Cora N. Barrett, Agustin Di Paolo, Leon Ding, Patrick M. Harrington, Max Hays, Rabindra Das, David K. Kim, Bethany M. Niedzielski, Meghan Schuldt, Kyle Serniak, Mollie E. Schwartz, Jonilyn L. Yoder, Simon Gustavsson, and Yariv Yanay.

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