<p><span contenteditable="false" draggable="true" class="fr-video fr-deletable fr-fvc fr-dvb fr-draggable"><iframe width="640" height="360" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/k7oJjazQAe4?&amp;wmode=opaque&amp;rel=0&amp;enablejsapi=1&amp;origin=https://www.wevolver.com" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen="" class="fr-draggable" data-gtm-yt-inspected-24="true" data-lf-form-tracking-inspected-kn9eq4roawkarlvp="true" data-lf-yt-playback-inspected-kn9eq4roawkarlvp="true" data-lf-vimeo-playback-inspected-kn9eq4roawkarlvp="true"></iframe></span></p><p>As we age, it becomes more difficult to remember where things are—whether it’s recalling where we left the keys or where we parked the car. This spatial memory deteriorates further with the onset of dementia, a condition that someone in the world develops every three seconds, according to Alzheimer’s Disease International.</p><p><span class="fr-img-caption fr-fic fr-dib" style="width: 833px;"><span class="fr-img-wrap"><img src="https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/wevolver-project-images/froala%2F1731025230562-29c05c8e.jpg" style="width: 100%px;" class="fr-fic fr-dib"><span class="fr-inner">© Alzheimer’s Disease International</span></span></span></p><blockquote><p id="isPasted">We are addressing a serious concern for those affected by dementia.</p><footer>- Friedhelm Hummel</footer></blockquote><p id="isPasted">Researchers at two EPFL labs have joined forces to give a boost to spatial memory by creating a unique experimental setup that combines non-invasive deep-brain stimulation, virtual reality training, and fMRI imaging—all housed within Campus Biotech in Geneva. Published in Science Advances, the study demonstrates that targeted, painless electric impusles to the hippocampus and adjacent structures, a deep brain region implied in memory and spatial navigation, can improve the brain’s ability to recall locations and navigate more effectively.</p><p>“By finding ways to improve spatial memory without surgery or medication, we are addressing a serious concern for a large and growing population: the elderly, as well as brain trauma patients and those affected by dementia,” says Friedhelm Hummel, head of the <a href="https://www.epfl.ch/labs/hummel-lab/">Hummel Lab</a>.</p><p>The study is the result of a collaboration between the Hummel Lab and Olaf Blanke’s Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience (<a href="https://www.epfl.ch/labs/lnco/">LCNO</a>), both at EPFL’s Neuro X institute. By combining Hummel’s expertise in non-invasive brain stimulation with Blanke’s cognitive research of spatial navigation in virtual reality environments, the researchers developed a unique neuro-technological setup.</p><h2><strong>A one-of-a-kind combination of neuro-technologies</strong></h2><p>The experiment begins with researchers placing four harmless electrodes on the heads of healthy individuals to stimulate the hippocampus and adjacent structures. This non-invasive technique, <a href="https://actu.epfl.ch/news/non-invasive-deep-brain-stimulation-enhances-motor/">called transcranial temporal interference electric stimulation</a> (tTIS), sends targeted pulses without causing any discomfort for the participant.</p><blockquote><p>This leads us to believe that by stimulating the hippocampus, we temporarily increased brain plasticity.</p><footer>Elena Beanato</footer></blockquote><p>Next, volunteers are immersed in a virtual world using VR goggles. <a href="https://infoscience.epfl.ch/server/api/core/bitstreams/3f433490-92a4-461e-be04-fc02dea934b0/content">Building on previous research</a> by co-first-author Hyuk-June Moon, the scientists task the participants with navigating through a series of locations and remembering key landmarks. This immersive virtual setting allows researchers to precisely measure how well participants can recall and navigate spatial information whilst receiving tTIS.</p><p><span class="fr-img-caption fr-fic fr-dib" style="width: 833px;"><span class="fr-img-wrap"><img src="https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/wevolver-project-images/froala%2F1731025276629-92bfb78b.jpg" style="width: 100%px;" class="fr-fic fr-dib"><span class="fr-inner">Full experimental setup at Campus Biotech, combining non-invasive brain stimulation, virtual reality and fMRI. © 2024 EPFL</span></span></span></p><p id="isPasted">“When stimulation was applied, we observed a clear improvement of the participants’ recall time—the time it took to start moving toward where they remembered the object to be,” says Elena Beanato, the other first author of the study. “This leads us to believe that by stimulating the hippocampus, we temporarily increased brain plasticity, which, when combined with training in a virtual environment, leads to better spatial navigation.”</p><p>The entire experiment was conducted within an fMRI scanner. This provided researchers with real-time images of brain activity, allowing them to monitor how the hippocampus and surrounding regions responded to tTIS during the spatial navigation tasks. The fMRI data revealed changes in neural activity associated with the observed behavioral changes, specifically in the regions responsible for memory and navigation, giving the researchers deeper insight into how non-invasive stimulation modulates brain function.</p><p>This integration of advanced technologies at EPFL's Neuro X Institute, makes Campus Biotech one of the few places where all three experimental techniques can be combined in a single study.</p><blockquote><p>“In the long term, we envision using this approach to develop targeted therapies for patients suffering from cognitive impairments.</p><footer>- Olaf Blanke</footer></blockquote><p>“The alliance of tTIS, virtual reality, and fMRI offers a highly controlled and innovative approach to studying the brain’s response to stimulation and its impact on cognitive functions,” adds Olaf Blanke. “In the long term, we envision using this approach to develop targeted therapies for patients suffering from cognitive impairments, offering a non-invasive way to enhance memory and spatial abilities.”</p><hr><p><strong id="isPasted">References</strong></p><p>Beanato, E., Moon, H.-J., Windel, F., Vassiliadis, P., Wessel, M. J., Popa, T., Menoud, P., Neufeld, E., De Falco, E., Gauthier, B., Steiner, M., Blanke, O., &amp; Hummel, F. C. (2024). Noninvasive modulation of the hippocampal-entorhinal complex during spatial navigation in humans. Science Advances. DOI:&nbsp;<a href="https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.ado4103" target="_blank" rel="noopener">10.1126/sciadv.ado4103</a></p>

EPFL researchers have combined virtual reality, non-invasive brain stimulation and advanced brain imaging techniques to improve spatial navigation in healthy participants. The study is a first step in addressing dementia in an aging population without medication or surgery.

Neurotechnology boosts memory without surgery

<p data-block-key="7idkv" id="isPasted"><strong>For humans throughout history, the sky has evoked thoughts of a vast emptiness, of a great vacant dome punctuated during the day by the sun, and at night by numerous tiny spots of light (and, periodically, by the moon). As we have ventured into space, both physically, with spacecraft, and optically, with a range of telescopic technologies, we now know that there is quite a lot of stuff up there.</strong></p><p data-block-key="7idkv"><span contenteditable="false" draggable="true" class="fr-video fr-deletable fr-fvc fr-dvb fr-draggable"><iframe width="640" height="360" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/MPXj6pBBrD0?&amp;wmode=opaque&amp;rel=0&amp;enablejsapi=1&amp;origin=https://www.wevolver.com" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen="" class="fr-draggable" data-lf-form-tracking-inspected-kn9eq4roawkarlvp="true" data-lf-yt-playback-inspected-kn9eq4roawkarlvp="true" data-lf-vimeo-playback-inspected-kn9eq4roawkarlvp="true"></iframe></span><em>Simulations at Caltech model a new way for autonomous spacecraft to avoid collisions. This technology holds promise for autonomous vehicles on Earth as well as in space. Credit: James Ragan</em></p><p data-block-key="9l7gu">This discovery has profound implications for the aerospace industry. Imagine, for example, a multibillion-dollar autonomous spacecraft that has been carefully designed and engineered for years is launched into space with precision calculations only to lose one of its thrusters and go sailing into an asteroid.</p><p data-block-key="8vsjq">Historically, engineers have dealt with the possibility of equipment failure on board spacecraft in two main ways: First, by having a "safe mode" in which the spacecraft can do the least amount of damage to itself while scientists on the ground look at the data, make a diagnosis, and develop a solution; and second, by equipping autonomous vehicles with redundant systems. These allow a spacecraft to, for example, shut off a malfunctioning thruster and start using backup thrusters.</p><p data-block-key="928uf">However, dangerous situations may crop up in space with little warning and insufficient time for space-to-ground communications. And though redundant systems have been quite effective, they add to the expense and heft of autonomous spacecraft.</p><p data-block-key="29vpk">This is why experiments are being conducted in the laboratory of Soon-Jo Chung, Bren Professor of Control and Dynamical Systems and senior research scientist at JPL, which Caltech manages for NASA, to streamline emergency features on autonomous vehicles such that they can diagnose and safely respond to encounters with other objects in real time. With new algorithms on board, spacecraft can test their own equipment and predict which future actions are most likely to keep them operating safely.</p><p data-block-key="boege">As one of the supervisors for this project, Fred Hadaegh, research professor in aerospace at Caltech and former JPL chief technologist, explains: "Having redundant systems is not always practical. It means the spacecraft has to be bigger, heavier, and more expensive than it would be otherwise. So, the idea here is that when a spacecraft encounters a problem, it can figure out what's not working and correct or adapt to that specific fault."</p><p data-block-key="8l4es">Chung's lab houses, among other things, an advanced multispacecraft dynamics simulator facility. "The simulator occupies a large room with a really flat floor," explains James Ragan, a PhD student in the Graduate Aerospace Laboratories of the California Institute of Technology (GALCIT) and lead author of this paper. "The model spacecraft uses air bearings so that it moves across the floor with near zero friction. At rest, it seems to be floating, and if you push it in one direction, it will keep going until it hits something, which is what space dynamics are like."</p><p data-block-key="967n7">Ragan has programmed the robotic spacecraft simulator with what he and his co-authors call s-FEAST: Safe Fault Estimation via Active Sensing Tree Search. "Our s-FEAST algorithm rapidly 'dreams' about numerous possible futures that could result from actions it takes now," Ragan says. "Because the system is noisy, these futures are uncertain. There are multiple possible outcomes, which leads to a tree of possible branching futures. Each branch represents one possible way the future might happen, based on things the spacecraft controls—the test actions it selects—and also things it doesn't, such as observations coming from faulty sensors."</p><p data-block-key="3kuec">Chung adds: "What is innovative about our s-FEAST method is that we systematically solve the chicken and egg problem of estimating vehicle states, such as positions and velocities, and inferring failures or degradations, which are intrinsically coupled to one another."</p><p data-block-key="6255v">When the spacecraft detects unexpected data, it turns to the s-FEAST algorithm, which runs test actions "similar to how you might carefully test your muscles when you feel an unexpected pain, and you want to figure out just what hurts and how to avoid actions that might further injure you," Ragan explains.</p><p data-block-key="5f1hc">s-FEAST simultaneously spins out a range of possible futures and from those selects the course of action that appears most likely to diagnose what went wrong and also to avoid danger. In the case of this model, danger amounts to a collision course with an asteroid.</p><p data-block-key="5f1hc"><span contenteditable="false" draggable="true" class="fr-video fr-deletable fr-fvc fr-dvb fr-draggable"><iframe width="640" height="360" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/aJ04dlgaP0o?&amp;wmode=opaque&amp;rel=0&amp;enablejsapi=1&amp;origin=https://www.wevolver.com" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen="" class="fr-draggable" data-lf-form-tracking-inspected-kn9eq4roawkarlvp="true" data-lf-yt-playback-inspected-kn9eq4roawkarlvp="true" data-lf-vimeo-playback-inspected-kn9eq4roawkarlvp="true"></iframe></span></p><p data-block-key="c42k3" id="isPasted">"The key idea here is that s-FEAST isn't replacing all spacecraft operations. It's your emergency response," Ragan says. "The spacecraft receives an internal signal that something is wrong, so s-FEAST takes over all the spacecraft's computing power to quickly assess what's going on and take remedial action. Once the danger is pinpointed and addressed, s-FEAST hands control back to the spacecraft's ordinary computing environment."</p><p data-block-key="21bts">s-FEAST can also be used proactively. Say an autonomous spacecraft is about to take on a particularly risky or mission-critical action; s-FEAST can run a testing cycle to ensure that all systems are working properly before this action.</p><p data-block-key="i938">Chung and his co-authors envision that the proposed method will establish a new way of making expensive space exploration safer and more cost effective. "Space systems make autonomous operations necessary since we cannot grab and fix spacecraft and Mars helicopters operating in a world far away from us," Chung says. "Space is our ultimate ‘proving ground' for any autonomy research we do for Earth-based vehicle systems."</p><p data-block-key="2h1jc">Not surprisingly, the s-FEAST algorithm that worked on the spacecraft simulator was adapted by the team to work on a ground track vehicle as well. Both experiments were successful, so s-FEAST technology holds great promise for autonomous vehicles on Earth as well as in space.</p><p data-block-key="9nhap">"<a href="https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/scirobotics.adn4722" target="_blank">Online Tree-based Planning for Active Spacecraft Fault Estimation and Collision Avoidance</a>" is published in&nbsp;<em>Science Robotics</em> as an online feature article. A preliminary version of this paper received the&nbsp;<a href="https://www.eas.caltech.edu/news/jimmy-ragan-and-benjamin-rivi%C3%A8re-receive-2023-aiaa-guidance-navigation-and-control-best-graduate-student-paper-award" target="_blank">2023 American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics (AIAA) Guidance, Navigation, and Control Best Graduate Student Paper Award</a>. Co-authors are Ragan, Caltech postdoc Benjamin Rivière (PhD '24), Hadaegh, and Chung. This work is funded by the Aerospace Corporation, JPL, the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency Learning Introspective Control program, and the Technology Innovation Institute.</p>

Simulations at Caltech model a new way for autonomous spacecraft to avoid collisions. This technology holds promise for autonomous vehicles on Earth as well as in space.

A New Approach to Autonomous Vehicle Safety

<p id="isPasted">A view into how nanoscale building blocks can rearrange into different organized structures on command is now possible with an approach that combines an electron microscope, a small sample holder with microscopic channels, and computer simulations, according to a new study by researchers at the University of Michigan and Indiana University.</p><p>The approach could eventually enable smart materials and coatings that can switch between different optical, mechanical and electronic properties.</p><p>“One of my favorite examples of this phenomenon in nature is in chameleons,” said <a href="https://che.engin.umich.edu/people/dwyer-tobias/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Tobias Dwyer</a>, U-M doctoral student in chemical engineering and co-first author of the study published in Nature Chemical Engineering. “Chameleons change color by altering the spacing between nanocrystals in their skin. The dream is to design a dynamic and multifunctional system that can be as good as some of the examples that we see in biology.”</p><p>The imaging technique lets researchers watch how nanoparticles react to changes in their environment in real time, offering an unprecedented window into their assembly behavior.</p><p><span class="fr-img-caption fr-fic fr-dib" style="width: 832px;"><span class="fr-img-wrap"><img src="https://images.wevolver.com/eyJidWNrZXQiOiJ3ZXZvbHZlci1wcm9qZWN0LWltYWdlcyIsImtleSI6ImZyb2FsYS8xNzI1MzIxMzE4NjkzLWZsb3ctY2VsbC5qcGciLCJlZGl0cyI6eyJyZXNpemUiOnsid2lkdGgiOjk1MCwiZml0IjoiY292ZXIifX19" style="width: 100%px;" class="fr-fic fr-dib"><span class="fr-inner">An illustration of an imaging technique that allows researchers to watch how nanoparticles respond to changes in their environment in real time. The blue lines represent the beam of an electron microscope as it impacts gold nanoblocks suspended in liquid in a small sample holder device called a liquid flow cell. Image credit: Ella Maru Studio.</span></span></span></p><p id="isPasted">In the study, the Indiana team first suspended nanoparticles, a class of materials smaller than the average bacteria cell, in tiny channels of liquid on a microfluidic flow cell. This type of device allowed the researchers to flush different kinds of fluid into the cell on the fly while they viewed the mixture under their electron microscope. The researchers learned that the instrument gave the nanoparticles—which normally are attracted to each other—just enough electrostatic repulsion to push them apart and allow them to assemble into ordered arrangements.</p><p>The nanoparticles, which are cubes made of gold, either perfectly aligned their faces in a tidy cluster or formed a more messy arrangement. The final arrangement of the material depended on the properties of the liquid the blocks were suspended in, and flushing new liquids into the flow cell caused the nanoblocks to switch between the two arrangements.</p><p>The experiment was a proof of concept for how to steer nanoparticles into desired structures. Nanoparticles are too small to manually manipulate, but the approach could help engineers learn to reconfigure other nanoparticles by changing their environment.</p><p>“You might have been able to move the particles into new liquids before, but you wouldn’t have been able to watch how they respond to their new environment in real-time,” said <a href="https://www.chem.indiana.edu/faculty/xingchen-ye/" target="_blank">Xingchen Ye</a>, IU associate professor of chemistry who developed the experimental technique and is the study’s lead corresponding author.</p><p>“We can use this tool to image many types of nanoscale objects, like chains of molecules, viruses, lipids and composite particles. Pharmaceutical companies could use this technique to learn how viruses interact with cells in different conditions, which could impact drug development.”</p><p><span class="fr-img-caption fr-fic fr-dib" style="width: 832px;"><span class="fr-img-wrap"><img src="https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/wevolver-project-images/froala%2F1725321753505-ezgif-6-b9c5db5d11.gif" style="width: 100%px;" class="fr-fic fr-dib"><span class="fr-inner">A view through an electron microscope of gold nanoparticles reconfiguring themselves in response to researchers changing the liquid the gold nanoparticles are suspended in—either butanol or a mix of octane and butanol. The black and white image on the left is unedited. At right, the gold nanoparticles are color-coded by their orientation. Initially floating in butanol, they’re arranged in a skewed crystal with more unfilled space in its center. Green and orange particles are mixed with blue particles. After researchers change the liquid to a mixture of butanol and octane, the squares’ faces align more closely together and more of the squares in the center of the crystal turn blue and green, representing a more ordered arrangement. Animation credit: Tobias Dwyer, Glotzer Lab, University of Michigan.</span></span></span></p><p id="isPasted">An electron microscope isn’t necessary to activate the particles in practical morphable materials, the researchers said. Changes in light and pH could also serve that purpose.</p><p>But to extend the technique to different kinds of nanoparticles, the researchers will need to know how to change their liquids and microscope settings to arrange the particles. Computer simulations run by the U-M team open the door to that future work by identifying the forces that caused the particles to interact and assemble.</p><p>“We think we now have a good enough understanding of all the physics at play to predict what would happen if we use particles of a different shape or material,” said&nbsp;<a href="https://che.engin.umich.edu/people/moore-timothy/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Tim Moore</a>, U-M assistant research scientist of chemical engineering and co-first author of the study. He designed the computer simulations together with Dwyer and&nbsp;<a href="https://che.engin.umich.edu/people/glotzer-sharon/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Sharon Glotzer</a>, the Anthony C. Lembke Department Chair of Chemical Engineering at U-M and a corresponding author of the study.</p><p>“The combination of experiments and simulations is exciting because we now have a platform to design, predict, make and observe in real time new, morphable materials together with our IU partners,” said Glotzer, who is also the John Werner Cahn Distinguished University Professor and Stuart W. Churchill Collegiate Professor of Chemical Engineering.</p>

It’s a step toward smart coatings that change color—or other properties—on the fly.

Morphable materials: Researchers coax nanoparticles to reconfigure themselves

<p id="isPasted">The German Aerospace Center (Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt; DLR) has made significant progress in developing turbines for efficient and climate-compatible aircraft engines in collaboration with Rolls-Royce Deutschland. Researchers have deployed a trick carried over from many modern aircraft wings: attaching 'winglets' to the tips of the turbine blades to increase engine efficiency. Winglets and other technologies are already being used in the latest Rolls-Royce engines from the Pearl range and have significantly reduced fuel consumption.</p><p>Researchers at the <a href="https://www.dlr.de/en/at" target="_blank">DLR Institute of Propulsion Technology</a> in <a href="https://www.dlr.de/en/dlr/locations-and-offices/goettingen" target="_blank">Göttingen</a> worked with Rolls-Royce Deutschland to investigate a new type of two-stage high-pressure turbine. At the Göttingen institute's <a href="https://www.dlr.de/en/at/research-transfer/research-infrastructure/turbine-test-beds/next-generation-turbine" target="_blank">Next-Generation Turbine Test Facility (NG-Turb)</a>, which offers infrastructure unrivalled in Europe, the researchers were able to validate turbine computer simulations from Rolls-Royce. In a turbojet engine, the turbine is positioned after the combustion chamber, from where the emerging exhaust gas jet causes the turbine blades to rotate. The NG-Turb test bed replicates this set up, putting turbines through their paces under real-world engine conditions.</p><p><span class="fr-img-caption fr-fic fr-dib" style="width: 790px;"><span class="fr-img-wrap"><img src="https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/wevolver-project-images/froala%2F1722783344279-image-400-a2810991432fbb2b39ff2a064e2c6158.png" style="width: 100%px;" class="fr-fic fr-dib"><span class="fr-inner">Turbine blades with winglets Detail of the turbine blades with new winglets at the tips. Credit: DLR (CC BY-NC-ND 3.0)</span></span></span></p><h2>Turbine inlet temperature crucial</h2><p>The initial measurements on the NG-Turb test stand, conducted as part of the German government's aviation research programme (the LuFo HittTurb project), initially focused on the efficiency of the turbine. As the operating point of turbines varies during take-off, cruising flight and landing, determining the relationship between efficiency and the speed and pressure ratio of the turbine was crucial. "This turbine serves as a demonstrator for various technologies that are to be used in the real engine, including winglets on the rotor blades," says Andreas Pahs, Project Manager of the DLR Institute of Propulsion Technology's Göttingen site. Applying winglets to the blade tips significantly changes the geometry of the blade and hence the flow around it, giving rise to improvements in both turbine and overall engine efficiency.</p><p>"We have also carried out detailed flow field measurements," Pahs continues. "We analysed pressure, temperature, flow angle and Mach number using sensors developed in-house here at the institute." The findings were incorporated into the development of Rolls-Royce's Pearl engine range, which powers ultra-long-haul business jets.</p><h2>Current focus on combustion chamber–turbine interaction</h2><p>In addition to the new turbine design, the researchers were interested in the influence of the combustion chamber outlet flow on aerodynamics, efficiency and temperature. Given the extreme operating temperatures that turbine materials are subject to, a crucial development task is to identify hot spots early on and target them for cooling by applying cooling air to the turbine blade surface.</p><p>In the follow-up project, which was recently completed as part of the EU research programme Clean Sky 2 (an EU Transition project), the scientific research focused on the interaction between the combustion chamber and the turbine. For this purpose, a combustion chamber simulator was developed and installed in front of the turbine on the NG-Turb test stand. The simulator generates flow fields with properties comparable to those from the combustion of conventional fuels and which correspond to the exit profile of a real Rolls-Royce engine combustion chamber.</p><p>A better understanding of the temperature distribution at the transition from the combustion chamber to the turbine is key to generating new technology concepts. "Our task is to precisely measure the thermal load within the turbine in order to make the cooling of the turbine blades more efficient," explains DLR Institute of Propulsion Technology project manager Anna-Samira Söhngen. Using targeted, optimised cooling saves on cooling air and further improves overall engine efficiency.</p><p><span class="fr-img-caption fr-fic fr-dib" style="width: 790px;"><span class="fr-img-wrap"><img src="https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/wevolver-project-images/froala%2F1722783390887-image-1600-4c05b05d70b4ca8c3a7d5dcd897a4297.jpeg" style="width: 790px;" class="fr-fic fr-dib"><span class="fr-inner">Test facility for future turbines Investigations are conducted at the NG-Turb test facility to research more efficient and climate-compatible turbines for future aircraft and power stations. Credit: DLR (CC BY-NC-ND 3.0)</span></span></span></p><h2>Europe's only hydrogen-ready turbine test bench</h2><p>The NG-Turb test stand works in a closed circuit with dry air as the flow medium. The stand includes air temperature and pressure regulation, allowing the researchers to set the key parameters of Mach and Reynolds number independently. The system also has an air dryer and a separate air-cooling compressor that diverts flow from the system and supplies it to the turbine for cooling air simulation. The test stand also now includes heat exchangers to lower the temperature of the cooling air and thus allow another parameter, the main-flow to cooling-air temperature ratio, to be set as realistically as possible.</p><p>DLR receives financial support from the German Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Climate Action (BMWK) to prepare its ground test rigs, including the NG-Turb in Göttingen, for the investigation of climate-compatible fuel and propulsion technologies in aviation (the UpLift project). The focus of the project is on the potential use of hydrogen in engines, the impact of which is also set to be the subject of future investigations in turbine research. The funding is part of the BMWK aviation research programme LuFo Klima, the central government funding instrument supporting the aviation industry on its path to becoming carbon neutral.</p><h2>Other projects</h2><p>Another research focus is currently 'hot streak tracking', where researchers measure temperature streaks and their flow through the turbine.</p><hr><h2>Related links</h2><ul><li><a href="https://www.rolls-royce.com/country-sites/northamerica.aspx" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Rolls-Royce website</a></li><li><a href="https://www.rolls-royce.com/products-and-services/civil-aerospace/business-aviation/pearl-10x.aspx" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">The newest member of the Rolls-Royce Pearl engine family</a></li></ul>

The DLR turbine test facility 'NG-Turb' Future high-performance turbines are being investigated at the Next-Generation Turbine Test Facility (NG-Turb) at the DLR Institute of Propulsion Technology in Göttingen. Credit: DLR (CC BY-NC-ND 3.0)

DLR and Rolls-Royce Deutschland are developing more climate-compatible aircraft engines.

DLR and Rolls-Royce Deutschland develop more climate-compatible aircraft engines

<section id="isPasted"><p>Staying up-to-date with the latest electronics engineering trends, design insights, and project innovations is crucial for engineers and serious hobbyists alike. That's where the "Circuit Break" podcast steps in as your indispensable resource.</p><p>Hosted by Parker Dillmann and Stephen Kraig, seasoned electrical engineers in manufacturing and electronic design, Circuit Break explores all aspects of electrical engineering, from groundbreaking technologies to practical design tips. Whether you're troubleshooting your latest project or exploring new horizons in your career, each episode will ignite your curiosity and enhance your expertise.<br>As a welcome to our community of listeners, we've curated a top 10 list of our podcast episodes. Every selection here represents our mission: to educate, inspire, and entertain electrical engineers at every stage of their journey.<br>Enjoy these handpicked episodes designed to spark your imagination and fuel your passion for electronics. They are not in any particular order, so enjoy them however you like.</p><h2><p>Bill Herd - Back Into the Storm</p></h2><img src="https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/wevolver-project-images/froala%2F1720015431285-1720015431284.png" alt="1dimfkjg" class="fr-fic fr-dii"><p>Bil Herd, one of the early engineers of Home Computers, takes part in a podcast episode entitled&nbsp;<a href="https://www.macrofab.com/podcasts/bil-herd-back-into-the-storm/" target="_blank">Back Into the Storm</a>. The conversation takes an intriguing turn toward the intricacies of Design for Manufacturability (DFM) and the assembly process, drawing from Bil Herd's rich history of designing the Commodore C128 during the era of through-hole components.<br>The episode investigates the transformative impact of the advent of Surface Mount Technology (SMT) on electronic design, comparing and contrasting it with the traditional through-hole method that dominated earlier periods. Bil Herd shares his insights on why through-hole components are still relevant today, alongside common pitfalls that modern engineers and designers face when opting for through-hole technology in contemporary projects.</p><p>A fascinating discussion emerges around the necessity of "green wire" fixes—quick, manual modifications made to circuit boards during the development phase—and their prevalence in the production of past and present electronic devices.<br>This episode of Circuit Break not only enlightens listeners with historical perspectives but also equips them with practical knowledge on navigating the challenges of DFM and assembly in today's fast-evolving technological landscape. It’s a must-listen for anyone interested in the art and science behind creating durable, efficient, and manufacturable electronic designs.</p><h2><p>CHIPS Can't Dip</p></h2><p>In an enlightening episode, David Schild, Executive Director of the Printed Circuit Board Association of America (PCBAA), shares his expertise on the crucial role of public policy in supporting the U.S. microelectronics industry.</p><img src="https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/wevolver-project-images/froala%2F1720015431966-1720015431966.png" alt="2mgiughrjkfd" class="fr-fic fr-dii"><p>With over 20 years of experience in political involvement and advocacy, Schild discusses the significance of the CHIPS Act and the PCBS Act in addressing challenges like globalization and the need for reshoring manufacturing to ensure a resilient supply chain. He emphasizes the CHIPS Act's strategic importance, with its $52 billion funding aimed at revitalizing American manufacturing and the necessity of aligning private investment with public initiatives to foster innovation and production within the country. The conversation underscores the imperative of making PCB production a national priority, suggesting that while current legislative efforts are commendable, a more comprehensive approach is required to fully leverage America's potential in inventing and manufacturing critical technologies. Listen to <a href="https://www.macrofab.com/podcasts/chips-cant-dip/" target="_blank">CHIPS Can’t Dip now</a>.</p><h2><p>Mislabeled Levels of Hell</p></h2><p>This episode dives into the unique intersection of engineering and summer fun with a discussion on the feasibility of cooking food using a car’s engine, aptly titled “Manifold Destiny: Cooking on a Car Engine.” This episode explores the intriguing idea of turning your car into a BBQ, noting that exhaust pipes can reach temperatures up to 1200°F–hot enough to cook an egg–and looks at how stainless steel changes color when it’s heated, which is important for cooking on the go.</p><p>In addition, Stephen shares a project update on his CNC (computer numerical control) endeavors, providing listeners with useful tips on how to use electrical tape properly, maintain tidy wiring, and the benefits of upgrading to a larger 3D printer for expanded project capabilities.</p><p>Additionally, it humorously addresses a universal frustration that you may not expect: the chaos caused by misplaced hardware and fasteners at stores. Listen to <a href="https://www.macrofab.com/podcasts/mislabeled-levels-of-hell/" target="_blank">Mislabeled Levels of Hell</a> now.</p><h2><p>Product of Many Imaginations</p></h2><p>This episode features MacroFab’s own Misha Govshteyn and Chris Church as they join hosts Parker and Stephen to dissect the complexities of supply chains, digital manufacturing, and the shift toward nearshoring and reshoring. Using their extensive experience, which was highlighted in their previous podcast appearances, they examine the importance of digital manufacturing, its impact on the industry, the success of various business models, and how investments drive innovation and expansion within the industry.</p><p>This discussion extends to the practical considerations and enthusiasm surrounding reshoring, questioning the depth of the industry’s commitment to bringing manufacturing back home.</p><p>The episode also offers a reflective journey through MacroFab’s history, from its inception to its strategic pivots and future aspirations, encapsulated by Chris Church’s “Rules for Start-Up Names.”</p><p>As the conversation unfolds, it reveals the challenges and opportunities that lie ahead for MacroFab, including the move to new headquarters, underscoring the company’s resilience and adaptive strategies as the manufacturing and technology landscape evolves. <a href="https://www.macrofab.com/podcasts/product-of-many-imaginations/" target="_blank">The Product of Many Imaginations</a> episode not only provides a glimpse into the inner workings of MacroFab but also ignites a dialogue on manufacturing in the 21st century.</p><h2><p>IdeaFab - Does This Podcast Change The World?</p></h2><p>This is the 3rd collaboration between the Ideatank podcast and Circuit Break podcast where Scott Hansen and Eric Benzenhoefer are idea men who, not humbly, seek to change the world through sharing their million-dollar ideas, but humbly, seek to make podcast episodes talking about their ideas.</p><p>The <a href="https://www.macrofab.com/podcasts/ideafab-does-this-podcast-change-the-world/" target="_blank">Does This Podcast Change</a> the World episode covers a variety of innovative proposals, from Eric’s vision of perfect feedback rating systems to Scott’s bold ambition of sending people into space, demonstrating that there are a wide range of ideas out there, from practical to futuristic.</p><p>Stephen also introduces “The College of Above Average Joes,” aiming to redefine education, while Parker presents “The Otter-Matic 2000” and “Friendcoin,” blending technology with social connectivity. Each idea, unique in its own right, sparks discussions about feasibility, impact, and change potential.</p><h2><p>Rogue Gerbers – Jerry McDaniel of Customer Care at MacroFab</p></h2><img src="https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/wevolver-project-images/froala%2F1720015432074-1720015432074.png" alt="Jerry mcdaniel headshot" class="fr-fic fr-dii"><p>In this episode, we spotlight Jerry McDaniel, a seasoned veteran at MacroFab. As the current Director of Care, Jerry brings a wealth of experience from his previous roles, including a pivotal stint as the CTO/CFO of Litigation Records Services in Texas, where he managed litigation records for attorneys on both sides of the courtroom. Additionally, his extensive background in application support at Presensoft Inc. for nearly 11 years has honed his expertise in handling complex customer service scenarios.</p><p>The <a href="https://www.macrofab.com/podcasts/rogue-gerbers-jerry-mcdaniel-of-customer-care-at-macrofab/" target="_blank">Rogue Gerbers</a> episode follows the philosophy and practices behind customer success at MacroFab. Jerry shares invaluable insights on understanding customer behavior, offering practical advice to engineers on how to anticipate and meet client needs effectively. He emphasizes the importance of empathy, proactive communication, and the ability to adapt to each customer’s unique requirements.</p><p>One of the highlights of the discussion is Jerry’s recounting of the weirdest customer interaction he’s ever experienced, providing a light-hearted glimpse into the unpredictable world of customer service. Through his stories and advice, listeners gain a comprehensive view of what it takes to excel in customer success, especially in the tech and engineering sectors.</p><p>This episode is not just a look into Jerry McDaniel’s impressive career but also a masterclass in cultivating meaningful and successful customer relationships.</p><h2><p>Your Toaster is Toast</p></h2><img src="https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/wevolver-project-images/froala%2F1720015432192-1720015432192.png" alt="Toaster toast" class="fr-fic fr-dii"><p>Part shortages and obsolescence got you down? Parker and Stephen have some tips and tricks to help your design stay ahead of the end-of-life (EOL) game.</p><p><a href="https://www.macrofab.com/podcasts/your-toaster-is-toast/" target="_blank">Your Toaster is Toast</a> unpacks how many engineers and product designers now face abrupt end-of-life situations without warning. The discussion reveals how foundries, overwhelmed with demand, are now booked years in advance, prioritizing their most profitable lines and fulfilling long-standing orders. This situation is exacerbated by the fact that new semiconductor fabrication plants are not investing in outdated wafer equipment, choosing instead to produce newer parts</p><h2><p>Hyperspace Part Packages</p></h2><p>Delve into a nuanced debate of whether the electronics industry should shift from the traditional ‘pin one’ marking to a more inclusive ‘indicator mark’ convention for component labeling. This discussion explores the potential benefits and implications of such a change, emphasizing the need for clarity and uniformity in component identification, particularly as it pertains to enhancing the manufacturing process and minimizing errors in assembly.</p><p><a href="https://www.macrofab.com/podcasts/hyperspace-part-packages/" target="_blank">Hyperspace Part Packages</a> covers the importance of component marking from a manufacturer’s perspective, debating the placement of indicator marks both inside and outside the footprint, the utility of including diode symbols directly on the board for clarity, and the use of vias and numbering for precise marking. Parker and Stephen advocate for designers to “own” their designs and the importance of being prepared to support them, highlighting the critical role of detailed and accurate documentation to be successful in electronic product design.</p><h2><p>Datasheet Lore</p></h2><img src="https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/wevolver-project-images/froala%2F1720015432239-1720015432239.png" alt="Pick right part" class="fr-fic fr-dii"><p>Find out what’s hidden in component datasheets and how they influence the selection of electrical components for design projects.</p><p><a href="https://www.macrofab.com/podcasts/datasheet-lore/" target="_blank">Datasheet Lore</a> explores risk management and the strategic considerations behind part selection, giving listeners an inside look at the mind of an experienced engineer navigating the vast sea of electronic components. Parker and Stephen share their approaches to picking parts for a design, emphasizing the importance of balancing performance specifications, cost, availability, and compatibility with the broader system architecture.</p><h2><p>Chickens and Tea Leaves, Al’s Simulation Recipe</p></h2><p>Al Williams, a figure synonymous with the Hackaday community, and an expert whose extensive experience ranges from underwater explorations to contributions to the International Space Station, returns for the fourth time on the podcast to discuss the pivotal role circuit simulation plays in engineering. The author of numerous books on technology and electronics, as well as a ham radio operator, Williams shares his insights.</p><p>The conversation kicks off with Williams’ perspective on the value of circuit simulation in both analog and digital circuits, underscoring its significance in validating designs, predicting system behaviors, and identifying potential issues before physical prototypes are developed. The discussion navigates through various simulation software, from the widely used LTSpice to specialized tools like Xyce from Sandia, TINA from Texas Instruments, KiCad’s integrated spice, Microcap 12, EasyEDA, and the educational FALSTAD simulator.</p><p>The episode discusses situations where simulated or logical performance diverges from real-world behavior, emphasizing the need to understand the limitations and assumptions underlying simulation models. Through this discussion, Williams, Stephen, and Parker illuminate the crucial balance between theoretical simulation and empirical testing, offering listeners a comprehensive view of how simulation tools can augment the engineering design process, reduce development time and costs, and foster a deeper understanding of electronic systems. Listen to <a href="https://www.macrofab.com/podcasts/chickens-and-tea-leaves-als-simulation-recipe/" target="_blank">Chickens and Tea Leaves</a> now.</p></section><h4>Want More Podcast Episodes?</h4><p>Each week, Parker and Stephen explore topics in engineering and hardware with guests, DIY electronic devices, and industry news.</p><p><a href="https://www.macrofab.com/podcasts/" target="_blank">LISTEN TO CIRCUIT BREAK NOW</a></p><section><h5><br></h5></section>

Need something new to listen to?  Try these 10 Circuit Break Podcasts. 

For Electronics Engineers: Top 10 Circuit Break Podcast Shows

<table style="width: 100%;"><tbody><tr><td style="width: 100%;"><h2>Accelerating product design with simulation&nbsp;</h2><p dir="ltr">When applied early in the development cycle, simulation (CAE, FEA) technologies can rapidly accelerate the creation of high-performance, profitable products. However, choosing and implementing the right simulation solution effectively can be challenging when you have limited resources.</p><p dir="ltr">If you are considering implementing simulation (CAE, FEA) for the first time or utilize CAD embedded simulation tools but are running into challenges with speed and accuracy or want to take the next step and explore multi-physics analysis, the free virtual event Simulate at the Speed of Design event on &nbsp;May 16, 2024, maybe for you.</p><p dir="ltr">Learn from your peers and Altair’s experts how a mixture of software, support, and know-how can help you be more efficient and effective in developing new products.</p><p dir="ltr"><a href="https://wevlv.co/altair_simulate_2024" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" class="button-main-action">Register now.</a></p></td></tr></tbody></table><p dir="ltr"><em>This is an excerpt from a presentation by Keshav Sundaresh, Manager, Business Development of Altair. The full presentation, “The TRICK to Digital Twin Technology Adoption” can be attended at the <a href="https://wevlv.co/altair_simulate_2024" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Simulate at the Speed of Design</a> event on May 16, 2024.</em></p><p>There is a lot of hype around digital twins. Still, for many years, the ability to actually execute them in a way that contributed to streamlining business through data-backed insights has been limited. Below, Keshav Sundaresh, the Global Director of Product Management – Digital Twin and Digital Thread from Altair, shares his insights into using the TRICK methodology to help separate true digital twin technology from fancy-looking interactive CAD models, which are not digital twins but rather mere digital shadows.&nbsp;</p><h2 dir="ltr">Simulation all around you</h2><p dir="ltr">Look around you. The device you’re reading this on right now is one of many machines, devices, and tools that surround you and support your everyday life – at work and outside. At Altair, we say our technology is always around you – even when you’re not conscious of it – keeping you safe, connected, and empowering you to thrive in today’s fast-paced world.&nbsp;</p><p dir="ltr">But what, exactly, do we mean by that? How is our technology integrated into both consumer goods like smart electronic devices, vehicles, and light fixtures as well as industrial objects like assembly lines, sensors, and wind turbines? The answer is digital twin technology, which has a powerful, wide-ranging impact in business and beyond. What can digital twin capabilities mean for your business?</p><p dir="ltr"><strong>Digital twin capabilities:</strong></p><ol><li dir="ltr"><p dir="ltr">Drive operational efficiency</p></li><li dir="ltr"><p dir="ltr">Facilitate a model-based ecosystem, providing access to authoritative data and knowledge for faster, better decision-making</p></li><li dir="ltr"><p dir="ltr">Drive superior engineering quality and product development performance</p></li><li dir="ltr"><p dir="ltr">Flatten the disruption curve for production</p></li></ol><p dir="ltr">For industrial companies, learning how to use this technology to streamline your production process could be such a changing move for the business. Especially in today’s world where our resources seem to have infinite uses, being able to simulate your production using technologies such as the CAE and FEA technologies are vital. This is where Altair’s Simulate at the Speed of Design event comes in. Coming up on the 16th of May, 2024, this is a must-attend for small and medium organizations looking to reduce the risk and cost of making late design manufacturing changes.</p><h2 dir="ltr">Digital Twin Took Center Stage at CES 2024</h2><p dir="ltr">Altair has been talking about digital twins for years. But it’s not just Altair and myself that believe in digital twins – my recent experience at CES 2024 was more than enough proof of that. At this year’s event, digital twin-related booths, presentations, and demonstrations were ubiquitous. It seemed like every organization – no matter their specialty, industry, or size – was talking about digital twin capabilities and showcasing what they were doing (or planned to do) with the technology.&nbsp;</p><p dir="ltr">Five years ago, a scant few were talking about digital twin technology, let alone creating it. The technology just wasn’t there; people liked the concept of digital twin, but the reality was Frankenstein-ish. Very few companies then had the open architecture-based, flexible, and purpose-driven workflows necessary to implement digital twin capabilities. But now digital twin is firmly in the spotlight.</p><p dir="ltr"><img src="https://images.wevolver.com/eyJidWNrZXQiOiJ3ZXZvbHZlci1wcm9qZWN0LWltYWdlcyIsImtleSI6ImZyb2FsYS8xNzEzODc0NDQ3NjI3LXRyaWNrIDIuanBnIiwiZWRpdHMiOnsicmVzaXplIjp7IndpZHRoIjo5NTAsImZpdCI6ImNvdmVyIn19fQ==" style="width: 100%px;" class="fr-fic fr-dib"></p><p dir="ltr" id="isPasted">Today, the prevalence of accessible, intuitive data and high-performance computing (HPC) environments – like Altair’s – has changed the digital twin adoption landscape. Now, instead of a hodgepodge of solutions and environments, digital twin is more akin to a living and breathing dynamic system with a single, unbroken thread.</p><p dir="ltr">Digital twin capabilities have also boomed because people (executives in particular) are finally seeing their true business value. They concretely understand that digital twin can transform their business and propel them into a streamlined, digitalized future. It’s safe to say that these organizations wouldn’t be putting the time, effort, and creativity into showcasing digital twin capabilities at events like CES if they weren’t betting big.&nbsp;</p><p dir="ltr">However, there are still plenty of organizations – too many, in my opinion – that don’t understand what digital twin technology is and how they can start harnessing its power. Luckily, there’s a TRICK to digital twin – literally.</p><h2 dir="ltr">Why "TRICK"?</h2><p dir="ltr">“TRICK” is a simple, compelling acronym to serve you on your digital twin journey. TRICK is neither sequential nor mutually exclusive. It’s merely a framework to help separate true digital twin technology from fancy-looking interactive CAD models, which are not digital twins but rather mere digital shadows. Without further ado, let’s explore the TRICK to digital twin technology.&nbsp;</p><p dir="ltr"><img src="https://images.wevolver.com/eyJidWNrZXQiOiJ3ZXZvbHZlci1wcm9qZWN0LWltYWdlcyIsImtleSI6ImZyb2FsYS8xNzEzODc0NDc1MDEyLXRyaWNrLmpwZyIsImVkaXRzIjp7InJlc2l6ZSI6eyJ3aWR0aCI6OTUwLCJmaXQiOiJjb3ZlciJ9fX0=" style="width: 100%px;" class="fr-fic fr-dib"></p><h3 dir="ltr" id="isPasted">T: Think in Systems</h3><p dir="ltr">Digital twin technology is defined – literally and metaphorically – by its function as a system of systems. Digital twin technology is not merely the sum of its parts, a collection of a bunch of components, processes, and systems. Rather, it’s the interaction of all these things acting as one in a holistic environment.&nbsp;</p><p dir="ltr">Think of it this way: Imagine you’re tasked with building the best car in the world. To accomplish this, you can mix and match components and systems from any kind of car in the world. Maybe you want your car to have the body of a Maserati, the propulsion system of a Tesla, the infotainment console of a GMC, the steering of a Mercedes-Benz, the seats of a Lexus, and so on. If you threw all these disparate systems into a single car, do you think you’d have the “ultimate” car? You wouldn’t. Why not? Because these sophisticated mechanisms aren’t like Legos that you can just slot in at will, regardless of the pieces’ context. These are complex systems designed to function on their own and as part of a specific, holistic system – that holistic system being a vehicle model, in this case. This same principle applies to wind turbines, semiconductor capital equipment, aircraft, and so on.&nbsp;</p><p dir="ltr">Digital twin technology enables us to better understand and improve interactions between components and how they function. Everything lives in the spaces where systems interact. Engineers and designers should always be thinking at this level to minimize issues and maximize efficiency.&nbsp;</p><p dir="ltr">Customer evidence: <a href="https://altair.com/resource/getting-the-signal-with-digital-twin-leonardo-deploys-digital-twin-to-capture-in-flight-behavior-of-helicopter-radar?lang=en" target="_blank">“Leonardo Deploys Digital Twin to Capture In-Flight Behavior of Helicopter Radar”&nbsp;</a></p><h3 dir="ltr">R: Reduced-Order Modeling&nbsp;</h3><p dir="ltr">When we want to share insights broadly, we want things to be as simple and actionable as possible. Real-life processes are often incredibly complex and hard to distill into a model or equation. But the beauty of mathematics is that it allows us to abstract, simplify, and standardize real-world knowledge. This is the goal of <a href="https://altair.com/romai" target="_blank">reduced-order modeling</a> (ROM).&nbsp;</p><p dir="ltr">For people to scale their insights and unlock digital twin breakthroughs, they can’t be bogged down in messy, voluminous data. ROM helps reduce the computational complexity of models in physics-based or statistical simulations. Some of our solutions in <a href="https://altair.com/products/platforms/altair-hyperworks" target="_blank">Altair® HyperWorks®</a>, our design and simulation platform – such as <a href="https://altair.com/physicsai" target="_blank">Altair® physicsAI™</a> and <a href="https://altair.com/romai" target="_blank">Altair® romAI™</a> – specialize in ROM within physics-based and test environments. And <a href="https://altair.com/altair-rapidminer" target="_blank">Altair® RapidMiner®</a>, our data analytics and AI platform, offers targeted, powerful capabilities for <a href="https://altair.com/data-transformation" target="_blank">all other kinds of data.</a> But these are just two sides of the same coin.&nbsp;</p><h3 dir="ltr">Importance of Explainable, “White Box” Solutions</h3><p dir="ltr">No matter how you approach ROM, you should always be using explainable, transparent solutions, otherwise known as “white box” solutions. White box solutions allow you to see exactly how AI-based models and algorithms are working, including:</p><ul><li dir="ltr"><p dir="ltr">Metadata sources</p></li><li dir="ltr"><p dir="ltr">What datasets were used</p></li><li dir="ltr"><p dir="ltr">What underlying equations were used</p></li></ul><p dir="ltr">This approach gives you greater insight and makes it clear to everyone throughout development how models are functioning and why. This is compared to “black box” solutions, which offer AI capabilities but are fully hidden from users – unexplainable, in other words.</p><p dir="ltr">Customer evidence: <a href="https://altair.com/resource/leveraging-ai-to-improve-accuracy-in-a-real-time-hardware-application?lang=en" target="_blank">“Leveraging AI to Improve Accuracy in a Real-Time Hardware Application”</a></p><h3 dir="ltr">I: Integrate</h3><p dir="ltr">Digital twin approaches work best when all users – including people without specialized engineering and data skill sets and non-coders – can leverage advanced tools without needing to rely on experts or support teams. This requires formalizing and democratizing computational intelligence.&nbsp;</p><p dir="ltr">With integrated digital twin capabilities, teams can virtualize products, processes, and equipment by integrating the best available models informed by sensor and metrology data, guided by domain knowledge, bolstered with software and hardware compute, and continuously synchronized with physical counterparts.&nbsp;</p><p dir="ltr">Customer evidence: “<a href="https://altair.com/resource/rolling-out-a-better-process-digital-twin-slashes-waste-15-and-runtime-hours-to-seconds?lang=en" target="_blank">Digital Twin Slashes Waste 15% and Runtime Hours to Seconds</a>”</p><h3 dir="ltr">C: Convergence is Key</h3><p dir="ltr">Digital twin is a living, breathing model of systems that is grounded in physics assimilating data from inspections, sensors, etc. These systems can be physical, biological, or business process-related. Developing and sustaining a digital twin ecosystem that connects the infrastructure, environment, and methodology (tools, methods, and processes) requires the convergence of simulation, HPC, <a href="https://altair.com/internet-of-things-applications" target="_blank">Internet of Things</a> (IoT), and AI.&nbsp;</p><p dir="ltr">Being able to offer this in a single, unified environment is what has helped Altair deliver the market’s <a href="https://altair.com/one-total-twin" target="_blank">premier digital twin offering</a>. Regardless of what industry you’re in or what product or system you want to model, we provide one total digital twin solution that optimizes workflows from concept to real-time in-service operation.</p><p dir="ltr">Customer evidence: “<a href="https://altair.com/resource/harnessing-the-power-of-big-data-ai-and-simulation-to-accelerate-product-innovation?lang=en" target="_blank">Harnessing the Power of Big Data, AI and Simulation to Accelerate Product Innovation</a>” and “<a href="https://altair.com/resource/developing-sustainability-with-ai?lang=en" target="_blank">Developing Sustainability with AI</a>”&nbsp;</p><h3 dir="ltr">K: Knowledge-Driven Workflows</h3><p dir="ltr">Speaking of workflows, that brings us to TRICK’s final letter. As teams progress through the development and testing cycle, they generate a ton of knowledge at each step. But often, they’re losing a lot of knowledge and experience in the spaces between each step because information is trapped in silos. These silos act like a filter that sifts valuable nuggets of insight from between each phase until hardly any is left at the end of the line.</p><p dir="ltr">When I say digital twin means creating “knowledge-driven workflows,” I mean that it can capture information and experiences into a model-based ecosystem that can then be used to develop traceability and governance and improve product quality. A model-based systems engineering workflow breaks horizontal silos from requirements to product end of life by providing a model as a common language of communication.&nbsp;</p><p dir="ltr">These knowledge-driven workflows reduce design errors once you finally get to the product testing and release stages. There’s no such thing as a universal mistake-proof workflow, but you can certainly minimize errors and the time spent correcting them by harnessing previously lost knowledge.&nbsp;</p><p dir="ltr">As the maxim goes, life isn’t so much about being right as it is about being less and less wrong. Digital twin technology gives people a transformational way to innovate, become more efficient, and develop the next generation of standout products. Digital twin is the best way to be less wrong – and continuing to be less wrong is the real “TRICK” to unlocking innovation.&nbsp;</p><p dir="ltr">To learn more about how Altair is enabling digital twin technology, register to attend the Simulate at the Speed of Design 2024 event, where Keshav will present the TRICK methodology in more detail. You’ll also be able to attend ‘simulation starter;’ events, designed for those who do not currently use simulation technologies, are outsourcing most/all of their analysis, or still use limited CAD embedded simulation tools.&nbsp;</p><p dir="ltr">In these sessions you can understand the benefits of the technologies from companies that have recently implemented simulation using Altair SimSolid; and through interactive sessions, experience how easy it is to get started, even with limited resources or on the Cloud.</p><p dir="ltr"><a href="https://events.altair.com/simulate-at-the-speed-of-design-2024/#:~:text=Following%20on%20from%20Altair's%20highly,their%20development%20process,%20developing%20more" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" class="button-main-action">Read more about the event&nbsp;</a><a href="https://wevlv.co/altair_simulate_2024" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">here.</a></p><p dir="ltr"><em>This article was contributed to by Philemon Mayowa.</em></p>

“TRICK” is a simple, compelling acronym that serves you on your digital twin journey. It’s a framework to help separate true digital twin technology from fancy-looking interactive CAD models, which are not digital twins but rather mere digital shadows. 

The TRICK to Digital Twin Technology Adoption

<p id="isPasted">All objects consist of atoms, which are made up of protons and neutrons in the atomic nucleus, surrounded by electrons. Once one enters this universe of the smallest things – the quantum world – it all gets very complicated very quickly. When researchers want to know exactly how atoms are connected and form solid objects, they come up against limits. No computer is powerful enough to calculate material properties precisely when many different atoms are involved. A researcher from the German Aerospace Center (Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt; DLR) has now investigated a way to do this via digital quantum simulation. This requires a quantum computer with initially only a few functioning computing and memory units, qubits, which could already answer questions about materials research – using quantum computing to ultimately even improve itself.</p><p>"In contrast to problems that can be solved with increased computing power alone, the complexity of quantum systems exceeds the capabilities of all supercomputers available today, combined. This means that we are currently unable to find explanations for phenomena from the quantum world, including conductivity, magnetism and superconductivity," says Benedikt Fauseweh from the <a href="https://www.dlr.de/en/sc" target="_blank">DLR Institute for Software Technology</a>. "Quantum physics is fundamental to understanding our world, especially solid-state physics." In solids, atoms or molecules are so close together that they hardly move at all. Metals, semiconductors, ceramics and many plastics are solids.</p><h2>A visionary idea – but quantum computers still make mistakes</h2><p>The concept of simulating quantum phenomena on a quantum computer is more than 40 years old. In 1982, the US-American physicist Richard Feynman (1918 to 1988) proposed using the principles of quantum mechanics itself to simulate the behaviour of quantum systems. “The development of modern quantum computers is bringing Feynman’s visionary idea closer to reality. Of course, it remains the dream of all physicists to describe all of nature in its full complexity,” says Fauseweh. But we are not there yet; quantum computers still make errors in complex calculations because their qubits (computing and storage units) are not stable or cannot be controlled, leading to incorrect results. Nevertheless, researchers are looking for ways to run sophisticated simulations on quantum computers.</p><h2>Large number of qubits not required</h2><p>Fauseweh has described this in the scientific journal <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-024-46402-9" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Nature Communications</a> and included worldwide research results. His analysis shows that a large number of qubits is not necessarily required for the simulation of complex quantum systems: "If we use too many qubits, the results are no longer useful due to errors in the quantum computer," explains Fauseweh. "We have to identify precisely those applications that still deliver a correct result even with errors in the quantum computer." So, with quality before quantity, digital quantum simulations could soon solve the mysteries of solid-state research: why do interactions between many particles prevent their movement in solids? Why, for example, do some materials not heat up as expected in a magnetic field? How do materials change their properties when they are irradiated with lasers? "It is also exciting that we can use quantum computers in materials research to make quantum computers themselves better."</p><p>Different technologies for quantum computers certainly complement one another.<a href="https://www.dlr.de/en/latest/news/2022/03/computing-with-light" target="_blank">&nbsp;Photonic quantum computers</a> or quantum computers with <a href="https://www.dlr.de/en/latest/news/2023/02/atomic-shells-become-computational-building-blocks" target="_blank">neutral atoms</a>, for example, would be particularly suitable for some applications, while quantum computers with<a href="https://www.dlr.de/en/latest/news/2022/04/contract-awarded-as-part-of-the-dlr-quantum-computing-initiative" target="_blank">&nbsp;ion traps</a>, with <a href="https://www.dlr.de/en/latest/news/2022/04/how_diamonds_become_qubits" target="_blank">nitrogen vacancies in diamond</a> or other <a href="https://www.dlr.de/en/latest/news/2023/04/quantum-computers-out-of-the-lab-into-the-world" target="_blank">solid-state spins</a>, would suit others. These hardware technologies are being developed in the <a href="https://www.dlr.de/en/research-and-transfer/featured-topics/quantum-technologies/the-dlr-quantum-computing-initiative-qci" target="_blank">DLR Quantum Computing Initiative (DLR QCI)</a>.</p><p><span class="fr-img-caption fr-fic fr-dib" style="width: 768px;"><span class="fr-img-wrap"><img src="https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/wevolver-project-images/froala%2F1712996854792-image-1920-0e0e1372dc051ff5fc2e347f9452228c.jpeg" style="width: 100%px;" class="fr-fic fr-dib"><span class="fr-inner"><strong>Goal – improving materials.</strong> Quantum computers can simulate solid-state structures that even the best supercomputers cannot calculate. They can therefore help to improve materials for high-tech applications such as photovoltaic systems. Credit: © DLR. All rights reserved</span></span></span></p><h2 id="isPasted">Analogue simulations reach their limit</h2><p>In recent decades, researchers have used analogue quantum simulations to assist them – with a quantum platform that serves as a substitute for the actual system. The behaviour of the substitute quantum platform is adjusted so that it corresponds to that of the system under investigation. In this way, it is possible to simulate quantum systems that supercomputers had already failed to – and with this the advantages of quantum simulation become apparent. Analogue quantum simulation has been a common method until now. "However, it has the disadvantage that these machines are not flexible. They can only do one type of simulation," says Fauseweh. "What we want is the universality of a digital quantum computer. That is the most important advantage we expect from the different approaches."</p>

Crystal lattice of a solid (symbolic image). When researchers want to know exactly how atoms are connected and form solid objects, they come up against limits. Digital quantum simulations could soon solve the mysteries of solid-state research. Credit: stock.adobe.com

Digital quantum simulations can be used to solve problems in solid-state research, for example conductivity, magnetism or superconductivity.

Quality matters - Advances in digital quantum simulation

<p id="isPasted">In an industry where speed, accuracy, and cost-effectiveness are crucial, <a href="https://yawmanflight.com/" target="_blank">Yawman Flight</a> teamed up with <a href="https://motocilino.com/" target="_blank">MotoCilino Engineering Service</a> firm and Nexa3D to address the challenge of designing and developing a first-of-its-kind handheld controller for flight simulations.The Yawman Arrow is the fusion of a traditional handheld gaming controller and the unique flight controls found on aircraft of all sizes. Designed for precision and versatility, the Arrow brings together a traditional joystick, desktop throttle quadrant, and rudder pedals – and more – all into a handheld form factor.</p><p>The result is a breakthrough in both product innovation and manufacturing efficiency, with <a href="https://nexa3d.com/3d-printers/xip/" target="_blank">XiP Desktop 3D Printer</a> playing a pivotal role in achieving success.</p><h2 id="isPasted">Challenge</h2><h5>Create high-fidelity prototypes quickly and cost-effectively without investing in tooling early on in the development process</h5><p><img src="https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/wevolver-project-images/froala%2F1712135865489-creating-high-fidelity-prototype-768x720.jpg" style="width: 100%px;" class="fr-fic fr-dib"></p><p>Yawman Flight faced the challenge of creating a unique flight simulator controller under significant time and budget constraints. The primary objectives were to develop a first-of-its-kind handheld flight simulator controller and complete the project rapidly and cost-effectively, without investing in costly injection molding tooling. Additionally, the team required high-quality surface finish and mechanical performance of all of the components so achieving injection molding-like quality quickly and affordably were critical to the success of the project.</p><p>Yawman Flight’s intended customer base is flight simulation enthusiasts and professionals in the aviation industry who demand high-quality, realistic flight simulation experiences. The flight simulation industry requires high-quality products that can meet strict specifications for part tolerances and mechanical performance in order to provide a truly realistic simulation experience.</p><blockquote id="isPasted"><p>“The XiP allowed us to create a final product that exhibits injection molded like qualities in terms of surface finish and performance, but without the costs and long lead times. We would’ve been delayed by as much as a year had we used another manufacturing method during the prototyping phase.”<strong>Thomas Nield, Engineering Lead at Yawman Flight</strong></p></blockquote><p><img src="https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/wevolver-project-images/froala%2F1712135927444-1712135927444.png" class="fr-fic fr-dib"></p><h2 id="isPasted">Solution</h2><h5>The XiP proved to be ideal tool for the job due to its accuracy and print speed</h5><p><img src="https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/wevolver-project-images/froala%2F1712135943136-flight-controller-3D-printed-XiP-768x769.jpg" style="width: 100%px;" class="fr-fic fr-dib"></p><p>Yawman Flight collaborated with MotoCilino Engineering Service firm to develop a unique controller in record time, going through 17 different design iterations before validating the final assembly in just a few weeks. The final prototype controller consists of 36 different components, all of which were printed on the <a href="https://nexa3d.com/3d-printers/xip/" target="_blank">XiP desktop 3D printer</a> using xABS3843 high-performance resin.</p><p>The team at MotoCilino chose to print the components on the XiP due to printer’s reliability and high print quality using <a href="https://nexa3d.com/materials-selection-tool/" target="_blank">performance grade resin</a> that mimic mechanical properties of final production grade ABS. In fact, the finished controller visual aesthetic and mechanical performance was virtually indistinguishable from those components that were molded. “Printing on the XiP allowed us to deliver components to the Yawman team in half the time it would’ve taken us had we used another desktop SLA printer, and the print quality on the XiP is just superior,” said Paul Cilino, Owner of Motocilino.</p><h2 id="isPasted">Benefit</h2><h5>Accelerated time to market by nearly a year and delivered high-fidelity prototypes at a fraction of the cost</h5><p><img src="https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/wevolver-project-images/froala%2F1712135957381-36-piece-3D-printed-flight-controller-768x774+%281%29.jpg" style="width: 100%px;" class="fr-fic fr-dib"></p><p>The team was able to finalize the design and deliver a high quality prototype with injection molding-like surface finish and mechanical performance quickly and cost effectively. The finished assembly included over 36 printed components, all virtually indistinguishable from its injection molded counterparts in both finish and mechanical performance. As a result, the team is now ready to scale to production as they prepare for commercial launch in July, 2023, on the heels of tremendous initial demand received during its beta launch earlier in the year.</p>

Working with engineering experts at MotoCilino, the team commercialized a handheld flight controller in record time

Revolutionizing Flight Simulation 3D Printing

<p><a href="https://web.altair.com/ssd2024" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Check the recordings of the event here!</a></p><h2 id="isPasted">Accelerating product design with simulation&nbsp;</h2><p>When applied early in the development cycle,<a href="https://www.wevolver.com/profile/altair" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">&nbsp;simulation (CAE, FEA) technologies</a> can rapidly accelerate the creation of high-performance, profitable products. However, choosing and implementing the right simulation solution effectively can be challenging when you have limited resources.</p><p>If you are considering implementing simulation (CAE, FEA) for the first time or utilize CAD embedded simulation tools but are running into challenges with speed and accuracy or want to take the next step and explore multi-physics analysis, the free virtual event <strong>Simulate at the Speed of Design</strong> event on &nbsp;<strong id="isPasted">May 16, 2024</strong><strong>,&nbsp;</strong>maybe for you.</p><p>Learn from your peers and Altair’s experts how a mixture of software, support, and know-how can help you be more efficient and effective in developing new products.</p><p><a href="https://wevlv.co/altair_simulate_2024" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" class="button-main-action">Register Now</a></p><h3>Why should you attend?</h3><p>Learn how small and medium organisations, are deploying Altair simulation (CAE, FEA) solutions such as Altair® Inspire™, SimSolid® and SimLab® to reduce the risk and cost of late design manufacturing changes.</p><h3><strong>Topics covered in the event</strong></h3><ul><li>Presentations from small-medium business (SMB) customers of Altair and Altair Channel Partners, on their transition from CAD embedded simulation and how they successfully implemented CAE, FEA simulation in their product development workflow.</li><li>Generative design, Concept development, topology optimization or design for manufacture in Altair® Inspire™.</li><li>Rapid structural analysis in Altair SimSolid® for parts or large assemblies.</li><li>Drop test, thermal, CFD, fatigue or combined multiphysics analysis in Altair® SimLab®</li><li>Manufacturing feasibility, Process simulation with Inspire Cast, Inspire Form, Inspire Mold, or Inspire Print3D.</li></ul><p>Sessions will feature live audio translation into English, French, German, Spanish, Italian, Portuguese, Japanese, Chinese, and Korean.&nbsp;</p><header><h3>Who should attend?</h3></header><ul><li>Individuals working in the design department, including engineers, design managers, and heads of the design department</li><li>If you are using 3D CAD and considering adopting simulation tools (CAE, FEA) for the first time</li><li>Anyone experiencing difficulties with the speed and accuracy of CAD-embedded simulation (CAE, FEA) tools</li><li>CAE Engineers, analysts, and the head of the CAE department</li><li>If you are interested in exploring multi-physics analysis and looking to take the next step</li><li>Managers of related departments who rely on the CAE department or outsource simulation services</li></ul><p><a href="https://wevlv.co/altair_simulate_2024" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" class="button-main-action">Register Now</a></p><h2 dir="ltr" id="isPasted">Event Schedule and Speaker Lineup</h2><p dir="ltr">Hear from a diverse lineup of industry experts who will share their insights and expertise on various aspects of product development and simulation technology. Following is a list of some of the notable speakers from the event.&nbsp;</p><h3 dir="ltr">Simulation at the Speed of Design Speakers:&nbsp;</h3><p dir="ltr"><strong>Chief Product and Strategy Officer, Altair,&nbsp;</strong></p><p dir="ltr">Ravi Kunju will talk about the power of simulation in speeding up the design process. Drawing upon his extensive experience and expertise in product development and strategy, Ravi will provide insights into how simulation technologies can transform the design process, enabling engineers and designers to iterate rapidly and optimize product performance.</p><p dir="ltr"><strong>Co-Director, Simulation-driven Systems Development Practice, CIMdata,</strong></p><p dir="ltr">Sandeepak Natu brings 27 years of experience in engineering simulation, entrepreneurship, and business management. He will share insights on advancing simulation adoption in SMEs and unlocking new avenues for growth and competitiveness.</p><h3 dir="ltr">Simulation Starters Speakers:</h3><p dir="ltr"><strong>Product Manager at Altair for SimSolid,</strong></p><p dir="ltr">Girish Mudigonda will be presenting on "SimSolid Cloud - Simulate Anywhere." He will discuss the capabilities of SimSolid Cloud, highlighting its versatility in enabling simulation from anywhere. Attendees can expect insights into the features, benefits, and practical applications of SimSolid Cloud, empowering them to conduct comprehensive simulations efficiently.</p><p dir="ltr"><strong>Engineering Manager at Modulift, UK,</strong></p><p dir="ltr">Harshal Kulkarni will share insights into how Altair SimSolid has slashed design development time by 70%. He will highlight Modulift's experience with FEA analysis and the transition to Altair SimSolid, emphasizing its user-friendly interface and efficiency benefits for engineers.</p><p dir="ltr"><strong>Senior Engineer at Daewonsanup,</strong></p><p dir="ltr">Kyungsoo Kim will address the challenges associated with squeak and rattle noise in vehicle seats and how they impact driver fatigue. He will discuss the analytical evaluation methods employed, including testing and CAE programs, to identify the root causes of these noises. Additionally, Kyungsoo will highlight the utilization of Altair SimSolid for efficient and accurate quantification of mechanical and electrical factors contributing to seat noise.&nbsp;</p><h3 dir="ltr">Simulation Driven Design Speakers:</h3><p dir="ltr"><strong>Director of GTT at Altair,&nbsp;</strong></p><p dir="ltr">Jaideep Bangal will lead the expert chat on "Accelerate Simulation-Driven Design with Altair Inspire." Drawing on his expertise, Jaideep will explore the capabilities of Altair Inspire for simulation-driven design, highlighting its role in accelerating the product development process. Attendees can expect insights into leveraging Inspire to optimize designs efficiently and effectively.</p><p dir="ltr"><strong>Representing Bionic MeshDesign,</strong></p><p dir="ltr">Thomas Spoida will discuss strategies for accelerated gigacasting development, focusing on overcoming challenges in large-scale castings. Attendees can expect insights into innovative approaches for efficiently designing and optimizing large castings to expedite time-to-market and enhance product quality.</p><h3 dir="ltr">Exploring Multiphysics Speakers:</h3><p dir="ltr"><strong>CAE Specialist Engineer at BeonD,</strong></p><p dir="ltr">Luigi Scrimieri will present "How BeonD identifies cell thermal runaway behavior with SimLab." He will demonstrate how computational simulations, juxtaposed with experimental data, accurately predict cell thermal runaway, paving the way for scalable simulations to modules and full battery packs.</p><p dir="ltr"><strong>SimLab Specialist, Altair,</strong></p><p dir="ltr">D V Siddharth and Senior Application Engineer, Bharadwaj Gundepudi will showcase the practical applications and capabilities of SimLab across various domains, including structures, thermal analysis, electronics, and motor simulations. Attendees can expect to gain insights into the versatility and effectiveness of SimLab in addressing diverse engineering challenges.</p><h3 dir="ltr">Manufacturing Simulation Speakers:</h3><p dir="ltr"><strong>Chief Product and Strategy Officer at Altair,</strong></p><p dir="ltr">Ravi Kunju will discuss the benefits of a Simulation-Driven Manufacturing (SDfM) approach, enabling product designers to detect design flaws earlier and optimize manufacturing processes. Attendees will gain valuable knowledge on leveraging simulation-driven design to streamline manufacturing processes and achieve optimal results.</p><p dir="ltr"><strong>Managing Director of Shiva ToolTech,</strong></p><p dir="ltr">Shivaji Pawar will present a case study on expediting the design and fabrication process of casting dies for automotive components cast with Aluminium AlSi7Mg via Gravity Tilt Pouring. Attendees will learn how the integration of Inspire Cast significantly reduced die development times, demonstrating its efficacy in streamlining the casting process.</p><p dir="ltr"><strong>CEO of Presskon Engineering GmbH,</strong></p><p dir="ltr">Gökhan Cetinkaya will present a case study illustrating the integration of Finite Element Method (FEM) simulation into their workflow. Gökhan will demonstrate how FEM simulation can assist design engineers in optimizing their workflows, reducing costs, and enhancing product quality.</p><p dir="ltr"><strong>Note:&nbsp;</strong>Please note that the event will be broadcast in two different time zones to accommodate attendees from various regions. Kindly refer to the respective time zone schedule to ensure you don't miss any sessions.&nbsp;</p><p dir="ltr">For the full list of speakers and presentation times, <a href="https://events.altair.com/simulate-at-the-speed-of-design-2024/#:~:text=Following%20on%20from%20Altair's%20highly,their%20development%20process,%20developing%20more" target="_blank">visit the event page.</a></p><p dir="ltr"><img src="https://images.wevolver.com/eyJidWNrZXQiOiJ3ZXZvbHZlci1wcm9qZWN0LWltYWdlcyIsImtleSI6ImZyb2FsYS8xNzE0NDgxODM4MDU2LVVudGl0bGVkICgxMzIwIHggNTAwIHB4KSAoMSkucG5nIiwiZWRpdHMiOnsicmVzaXplIjp7IndpZHRoIjo5NTAsImZpdCI6ImNvdmVyIn19fQ==" style="width: 100%px;" class="fr-fic fr-dib"></p><p><br></p>

Learn how to reduce the risk and cost of late design, and manufacturing changes at the free Altair Virtual Global Event on May 16, 2024

Simulate at the Speed of Design 2024

Example output of DeepScenario’s AI software that detects and tracks all moving objects in a scene in a fully automated way. (DeepScenario) 

There are many divergent-but-related ideas about how best to leverage simulation to ‘teach’ and test automated vehicles. Global AV simulation experts continue to attack the technology’s persistent obstacles.

AV simulation testing faces a long and winding road

<p dir="ltr" id="isPasted">The field of robotic dexterous hands is rapidly evolving with technological advancements and innovative research. These agile devices have a potent potential to change industries and day-to-day life and so are the focus of research within the robotics industry.&nbsp;</p><p dir="ltr">However, the engineering challenges posed by dexterous robotic hands are numerous. Complexities like miniaturization, grip and sensing, accurate simulation testing as well as the application of AI and machine learning are hurdles that researchers must overcome to achieve robotic hands that are as capable as human hands.</p><p dir="ltr">In this article, we will discuss the complexities of dexterous hand development and offer some insights into how they are being solved using examples from <a href="https://www.wevolver.com/profile/shadow.robot" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Shadow Robot</a>, a company known for creating one of the most advanced dexterous robotic hands in the world.&nbsp;</p><h1 dir="ltr">Complexities of Dexterous Robotic Hands</h1><p dir="ltr">Key areas of robotics development like miniaturization, sensing, and control are particularly complex when integrated with dexterous hands. Miniaturization is a challenge because dexterous hands must be capable of human-like precision and control, which is difficult to achieve in a compact space. Sensing is also a challenge because dexterous hands require a high degree of sensitivity in order to detect and respond to elements in their environment. Control poses yet another challenge, because dexterous hands require sophisticated algorithms and engineering to coordinate the movements of multiple fingers and joints<sup>[1]</sup>.</p><p dir="ltr">Addressing these challenges is important for broader adoption of dexterous hands in both research and industry.&nbsp;</p><p dir="ltr">Improving sensing and grasping methods opens new applications for robotic manipulation. When combined with AI and machine learning, dexterous robotic systems have the potential to apply human-like adaptation and movement to tasks that are repetitive, hazardous, or that require more speed or precision than a human can provide<sup>[2]</sup>.</p><h2 dir="ltr">Multi-force grip and sensing</h2><h3 dir="ltr">The challenge</h3><p dir="ltr">Dexterous robotic hands must be able to perform intricate tasks and manipulate different types of objects in variable environments. This means that dexterous hands need complex sensor and control systems and must incorporate multi-force gripping that can adapt according to the object and the task. Human grip force is controlled by biological systems, and to replicate this in robotic hands, researchers must develop sensors and control systems that can accurately measure and respond to features of the object and environment, like pressure, interaction forces, and vibrations<sup>[3]</sup>.</p><h3 dir="ltr">The solution</h3><p dir="ltr">Sensing capabilities play an important role in dexterous robotic hands. Visual and tactile feedback enables robots to quantify physical properties and is used increasingly in robotic systems. The growing availability of affordable tactile sensors has encouraged exploration of real-world tactile applications, such as the field of agriculture, where grip force is critical in applications like automated harvesting<sup>[4]</sup>.</p><p dir="ltr">Researchers have developed innovative sensors and control systems to enable dexterous manipulation of objects by robotic hands. Examples include:</p><ul><li dir="ltr"><p dir="ltr">MIT’s GelSight Svelte, a finger-shaped camera-based sensor that provides high-resolution tactile sensing over a large area, which enables the hand to perform different types of grasps, including pinch grasps. The sensor has a flexible backbone and uses mirrors to reflect light into a camera, which can see along the length of each finger.<sup>[5]</sup></p></li><li dir="ltr"><p dir="ltr">The ILDA (integrated linkage-driven dexterous anthropomorphic robotic hand), developed by researchers at Ajou University, with six-axis force and torque sensors that can measure the various forces acting on the robotic fingertips. Researchers integrated algorithms that can determine the contact force parameters, including the contact, location, and the triaxial force applied to the fingertips<sup>[6]</sup>.</p></li><li dir="ltr"><p dir="ltr">Shadow Robot’s Dexterous Hand, which has over 100 sensors that operate at up to 1 KHz, which give the hand multiple tactile sensing options and fast response. The hand can be integrated with tactile fingertips, which enable it to perform multiple grasps, like pinch grasps, lateral pinch grasps, and a power grasp that uses the entire sensing area of the fingers<sup>[7]</sup>.</p></li></ul><p dir="ltr"><span class="fr-img-caption fr-fic fr-dib" style="width: 302px;"><span class="fr-img-wrap"><img src="https://images.wevolver.com/eyJidWNrZXQiOiJ3ZXZvbHZlci1wcm9qZWN0LWltYWdlcyIsImtleSI6ImZyb2FsYS8xNzAwNzMzNjQxMzgxLWltYWdlMS5qcGVnIiwiZWRpdHMiOnsicmVzaXplIjp7IndpZHRoIjo5NTAsImZpdCI6ImNvdmVyIn19fQ==" style="width: 300px;" class="fr-fic fr-dib"><span class="fr-inner">The Shadow Dexterous Hand gripping a lightbulb. Source: shadowrobot.com</span></span></span></p><h2 dir="ltr" id="isPasted">AI and machine learning</h2><h3 dir="ltr">The challenge</h3><p dir="ltr">Artificial intelligence and machine learning play an important role in the development of dexterous robotic hands. When these technologies are applied to sensor data, they can improve perception, object recognition, grasping, and manipulation capabilities. However, deploying AI and ML in robotic hands is a challenge because it can be difficult to produce enough data for effective learning<sup>[8]</sup>.</p><h3 dir="ltr">The solution</h3><p dir="ltr">Shadow Robot has integrated AI and ML into their dexterous hand technology to manipulate physical objects and complete tasks in a way that is intuitive for the operator<sup>[9]</sup>. The company has worked with companies like OpenAI to advance research in this area. The Dexterous Hand provides abundant sensor and positional data that researchers can apply to machine learning algorithms and develop innovative control systems<sup>[10]</sup>.</p><p dir="ltr">Deep reinforcement learning has also emerged as a promising approach to control dexterous robotic hand systems. Deep reinforcement is model-agnostic, meaning that controls do not rely on a specific model of the system. To overcome the problem of the small sample size for learning data, researchers have combined deep reinforcement learning with human demonstration, which enables learning using sample sizes of just a few hours of robot learning<sup>[11]</sup>.</p><h1 dir="ltr">The role of simulation testing to overcome challenges</h1><p dir="ltr">The development of dexterous robotic hands is a complex and challenging task that requires substantial testing and iteration to achieve successful mimicry of the human hand. However, it can quickly become costly, and sometimes hazardous, to perform field testing with physical robots. Instead, simulation testing provides data points on the capabilities of robotic systems using a computer-based simulation of the hardware<sup>[12]</sup>.</p><p dir="ltr">Simulation testing is a practical, safer, and more scalable alternative to field testing and is critical to developing human-like functionality in dexterous hands<sup>[13]</sup>. Using simulation testing, developers can evaluate and compare the performance of robotic hands while adjusting design characteristics and environmental factors. Researchers can perform stress tests on the system in less time and without damaging physical hardware or putting the safety of humans at risk<sup>[14]</sup>.</p><p dir="ltr">However, creating realistic simulations for dexterous robotic hands poses another set of challenges. One of the biggest challenges of simulation testing is to create a simulation that is realistic enough to be useful. If the simulation is unable to replicate the kind of environment that the robot will operate in and adapt to, then the data from the simulation cannot reliably be used to improve the robot<sup>[15]</sup>.</p><p dir="ltr">Another challenge of simulation testing is the lack of reproducibility and the resource costs associated with simulators<sup>[16]</sup>. Despite these challenges, simulation testing is critical to the ongoing development of dexterous robotic hands. It allows developers to test and evaluate new algorithms and models in a controlled environment before building physical systems<sup>[17]</sup>.</p><h2 dir="ltr">Shadow Robot’s vision and simulation testing</h2><p dir="ltr">Simulation testing is a key part of how Shadow Robot is overcoming major challenges in dexterous hand development. Shadow Robot is renowned for pioneering work in advanced dexterous hand development. The company is driven by a passion to create advanced dexterous robots that solve real-world problems and inspire innovation.</p><p dir="ltr">Shadow Robot uses several simulators to test innovations in dexterous hand technology:</p><ul><li dir="ltr"><p dir="ltr">The NVIDIA Isaac robotics simulator, which allows robots to be trained efficiently in a simulated universe. This simulation environment provides data that is diverse enough to effectively train the hand to perform challenging tasks.</p></li><li dir="ltr"><p dir="ltr">The MuJoCo (Multi-Joint dynamics with Contact) physics engine&nbsp;for simulating rigid-body systems and soft-body deformation. This engine provides fast and accurate simulation of how physical bodies interact, with sophisticated replication of kinematics and dynamics.</p></li><li dir="ltr"><p dir="ltr">Gazebo, an open-source simulator with capabilities to test complex scenarios and algorithms in a 3D environment. Gazebo supports a wide range of sensors and provides real-time data for visualization and analysis.</p></li></ul><p dir="ltr">The company’s Dexterous Hand is the most advanced 5-fingered robotic hand in the world. It can manipulate tools and objects with unprecedented accuracy, opening new avenues for research in robotics and artificial intelligence. The Shadow Hand is designed to replicate the human hand as closely as possible and brings the field of robotics closer to overcoming the challenges of dexterous hand development. Shadow Robot’s advancements in dexterous hand technology have the potential to transform industries and daily life.</p><h1 dir="ltr">Conclusion</h1><p dir="ltr">The field of dexterous robotic hands is rapidly evolving. Progress in this field is driven by advancements in technology and research, as well as the potential to reshape how humans live and work. In this article, we have shown that the complexities of robot hand development are numerous, but that promising technologies are emerging to overcome these problems. Researchers have found amazing solutions to solve the challenges of simulation testing, miniaturization, gripping and sensing, as well as the integration of AI and ML.</p><p dir="ltr">Shadow Robot’s vision encompasses the potential for these advancements with their groundbreaking work in dexterous hand technology. The company is positioned to transform industry and daily life. The journey is challenging, but the potential rewards are immense in a future where robotic hands are integrated into our daily life.</p><p dir="ltr">For more information about Shadow Robot, check out their website at <a href="http://www.shadowrobot.com" target="_blank">www.shadowrobot.com</a>.</p><p dir="ltr">You can also read our three-part series on <a href="https://www.wevolver.com/article/dexterous-robotic-hands-part-1-unraveling-the-history-technology-and-applications-of-dexterous-robotic-hands" target="_blank">Dexterous Robotic Hands</a>.</p><h2 dir="ltr">References</h2><p dir="ltr" id="isPasted">[1] “Highly dexterous robot hands can operate in the dark — just like humans”. National Science Foundation (June 9, 2023). Accessed from <a href="https://new.nsf.gov/news/highly-dexterous-robot-hand-can-operate-dark-just" target="_blank">https://new.nsf.gov/news/highly-dexterous-robot-hand-can-operate-dark-just</a>&nbsp;</p><p dir="ltr" id="isPasted">[2] Shuang Li, et al. “A hand-arm teleoperation system for robotic dexterous manipulation”. Tactile Sensing, Skill Learning, and Robotic Dexterous Manipulation (2022). Accessed from <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/computer-science/robotic-hand" target="_blank">https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/computer-science/robotic-hand</a>&nbsp;</p><p dir="ltr" id="isPasted">[3] W. Mandil, et. al. “Tactile-Sensing Technologies: Trends, Challenges and Outlook in Agri-Food Manipulation”. Sensors (Basel) (2023). Accessed from <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10490130/" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10490130/</a>&nbsp;</p><p dir="ltr" id="isPasted">[4] W. Mandil (2023).</p><p dir="ltr" id="isPasted">[5] A. Zewe. “Finger-shaped sensor enables more dexterous robots”. MIT News. (4 Oct. 2023). Accessed from <a href="https://news.mit.edu/2023/finger-shaped-sensor-enables-more-dexterous-robots-1004" target="_blank">https://news.mit.edu/2023/finger-shaped-sensor-enables-more-dexterous-robots-1004</a>&nbsp;</p><p dir="ltr" id="isPasted">[6] U. Kim et al. “Integrated linkage-driven dexterous anthropomorphic robotic hand”. Nature Communications, Vol 12. (14 Dec. 2021). Accessed from <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-021-27261-0" target="_blank">https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-021-27261-0</a>&nbsp;</p><p dir="ltr" id="isPasted">[7] Shadow Robot. Dexterous Hand Series. Accessed from <a href="https://www.shadowrobot.com/dexterous-hand-series/" target="_blank">https://www.shadowrobot.com/dexterous-hand-series/</a>&nbsp;</p><p dir="ltr" id="isPasted">[8] A. Rajeswaran, et. al. “Learning Complex Dexterous Manipulation with Deep Reinforcement Learning and Demonstrations”. Arxiv (2018). Accessed from <a href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1709.10087" target="_blank">https://arxiv.org/abs/1709.10087</a>&nbsp;</p><p dir="ltr" id="isPasted">[9] Shadow Robot. Dexterous Hand Series. Accessed from <a href="https://www.shadowrobot.com/dexterous-hand-series/" target="_blank">https://www.shadowrobot.com/dexterous-hand-series/</a>&nbsp;</p><p dir="ltr" id="isPasted">&nbsp;[10]Shadow Robot. “The benefits of the Shadow Hand for AI and Machine Learning”. Accessed from <a href="https://www.shadowrobot.com/blog/the-benefits-of-the-shadow-hand-for-ai-and-machine-learning/" target="_blank">https://www.shadowrobot.com/blog/the-benefits-of-the-shadow-hand-for-ai-and-machine-learning/</a>&nbsp;</p><p dir="ltr" id="isPasted">[11] A. Rajeswaran, et. al. “Learning Complex Dexterous Manipulation with Deep Reinforcement Learning and Demonstrations”. Arxiv (2018). Accessed from <a href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1709.10087" target="_blank">https://arxiv.org/abs/1709.10087</a>&nbsp;</p><p dir="ltr" id="isPasted">&nbsp;[12]S. Crowe. “10 challenges of using simulators for testing robots”. The Robot Report (May 25, 2020). Accessed from <a href="https://www.therobotreport.com/10-challenges-simulators-robotics-testing/" target="_blank">https://www.therobotreport.com/10-challenges-simulators-robotics-testing/</a>&nbsp;</p><p dir="ltr" id="isPasted">[13] S. Crowe (2020).</p><p dir="ltr" id="isPasted">[14] N. Elangovan, et. al. “An Accessible, Open-Source Dexterity Test: Evaluating the Grasping and Dexterous Manipulation Capabilities of Humans and Robots”. Front Robot AI (2022). Accessed from <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9081435/" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9081435/</a>&nbsp;</p><p dir="ltr" id="isPasted">[15] S. Crowe (2020).</p><p dir="ltr" id="isPasted">[16] S. Crowe (2020).</p><p dir="ltr" id="isPasted">[17] S. Andersson. “Simulation challenges in robotic grasping”. Umeå University (Spring, 2021). Accessed from <a href="https://www.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:1583322/FULLTEXT01.pdf" target="_blank" data-lf-fd-inspected-kn9eq4roawkarlvp="true">https://www.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:1583322/FULLTEXT01.pdf</a>&nbsp;</p><p dir="ltr" id="isPasted">[18] Shadow Robot. “Simulating the Shadow Hand”. (1 Aug. 2023). Accessed from <a href="https://www.shadowrobot.com/news/press-releases/simulating-the-shadow-hand/" target="_blank">https://www.shadowrobot.com/news/press-releases/simulating-the-shadow-hand/</a>&nbsp;</p>

Simulation is key to the efficient development of dexterous robot hands with human-like abilities. 


Navigating Technological Challenges for Dexterous Hands

<h1 dir="ltr" id="isPasted">Introduction</h1><p dir="ltr">Virtual prototyping refers to the use of computer simulations to create and test digital models of physical systems before they are built. As semiconductor and OEM companies grapple with the integration of intricate hardware and software for the next wave of wireless, consumer, and automotive devices, the old guard of serialized development staggers under the weight of new demands. Virtual prototyping slices through these challenges, offering a versatile platform for early software development and meticulous system validation, reshaping timelines, and enhancing product quality.</p><p dir="ltr">This article discusses virtual prototyping, contrasting it with traditional verification methodologies to reveal its role in accelerating time to market and bolstering communication across the supply chain. Readers will navigate through the transformative powers of virtual prototyping, from the inception of software development pre-silicon availability to the intricacies of system validation. The article uncovers the facets of virtual prototyping tools as we delve into how these innovations forge a path for seamless design verification. &nbsp;We use Synopsys' tools and services to illustrate how virtual prototyping is becoming an indispensable asset in digital design.</p><h1 dir="ltr">Understanding Virtual Prototyping</h1><p dir="ltr">Virtual prototyping is defined as the process of using computer simulations to model and validate complex system designs before manufacturing their physical components. This method is increasingly important due to the growing complexity and enhanced functionality of modern systems, which often exceed the capabilities of traditional prototyping methods. By employing virtual prototyping, designers can conduct detailed and comprehensive testing of systems, ensuring they meet stringent performance criteria. This approach not only enables early detection and resolution of potential design issues but also facilitates more efficient development cycles, aligning with the advanced requirements of current digital design practices.</p><p dir="ltr">The intrinsic value of virtual prototyping lies in its ability to front-load the design process. It provides an interactive, software-based environment where designs can be tested, analyzed, and optimized. Engineers can simulate the behaviors of embedded systems under a wide array of operational conditions and use cases, enabling them to iterate more rapidly and with greater confidence. This simulation-centric approach empowers teams to validate assumptions, evaluate system performance, and conduct feasibility studies without the costs and time constraints associated with physical prototypes.</p><h2 dir="ltr">Accelerating Product Development with Virtual Prototyping</h2><p dir="ltr">A notable feature of virtual prototyping is its contribution to embedded software development. It allows software engineers to begin their design and testing work in parallel with, or even in advance of, hardware development. This overlap in development cycles is not feasible with conventional prototyping, which requires a sequential process where software development is contingent on the availability of the hardware.</p><p dir="ltr">Additionally, virtual prototyping aids in optimizing the implementation of systems. Design teams can explore different architectural choices and hardware configurations to arrive at the most efficient and cost-effective solutions. This systematic exploration is essential for managing power consumption, processing speed, and overall system reliability – factors that are critical in today’s competitive technology landscape.</p><p dir="ltr">Moreover, virtual prototypes can be integrated into automated testing environments, enabling continuous integration and delivery pipelines for software development. This integration leads to high-quality software being developed and maintained, with the capability to quickly adapt to changing requirements or identify potential issues early in the design cycle.</p><p dir="ltr">In the broader sense, virtual prototyping transcends beyond the confines of mere pre-silicon validation. It stands as a strategic enabler for lifecycle management, facilitating updates, feature enhancements, and maintenance long after the product has been deployed. As systems become increasingly interconnected and expected to support new functionalities over time, virtual prototyping offers the flexibility and scalability needed to sustain product evolution.</p><p dir="ltr">Thus, the role of virtual prototyping is multifaceted: it accelerates the design process, enhances product quality, reduces development costs, and extends the lifecycle of digital products. It encapsulates the shift towards a more agile, forward-thinking approach in digital design, one that is instrumental for companies looking to thrive amidst the burgeoning complexities of modern technological innovation.</p><h1 dir="ltr">Virtual Prototyping Versus Traditional Methods</h1><p dir="ltr">In digital design and verification, the cost of error escalates as one moves through the development process. Traditional verification methodologies are increasingly seen as inadequate, especially as the complexity of integrated systems grows. This section will conduct a comparative analysis of virtual prototyping against these traditional methodologies, illustrating the efficiencies gained through modern techniques.</p><h2 dir="ltr">The Stumbling Blocks of Traditional Verification</h2><p dir="ltr">In traditional verification, the development of software often lags behind hardware completion. This approach is inherently sequential and leaves little room for iterative improvement, which can be particularly detrimental to aggressive product development schedules. Software teams await the physical prototypes to test their code, creating a bottleneck that impedes early detection and resolution of issues.</p><p dir="ltr">Furthermore, traditional methods often rely on physical testing environments, which can be both costly and limited in scope. The limitations of hardware-based tests—such as the number of available prototypes, the difficulty in re-creating certain operating conditions, and the inability to test every possible scenario—can leave critical bugs undetected until late in the development process.</p><h2 dir="ltr">The Strategic Edge of Virtual Prototyping</h2><p dir="ltr">Virtual prototyping offers a stark contrast, delivering a strategic edge by removing the reliance on hardware availability. Software development can commence much earlier, even before the RTL (Register-Transfer Level) stages of hardware design. This shift not only circumvents the wait for physical prototypes but also opens up parallel workflows that can dramatically accelerate the development cycle.</p><h2 dir="ltr">Efficiency and Scope of Testing</h2><p dir="ltr">Virtual prototypes enable an extensive scope of testing that physical prototypes cannot match. By simulating various system states and operational conditions, virtual prototypes allow for an exhaustive verification process, including the kind of edge cases that are difficult to replicate with hardware. The flexibility of virtual environments means that software testing and system validation can occur at multiple workstations concurrently, greatly expanding test coverage.</p><h2 dir="ltr">Cost-Effectiveness and Error Detection</h2><p dir="ltr">From a financial perspective, virtual prototyping is compelling. By detecting errors early in the design process, it mitigates the high costs associated with late-stage troubleshooting in traditional verification. Early detection not only reduces the expenditure on rectifications but also minimizes the risk of expensive recalls and brand damage post-product release.</p><h2 dir="ltr">Debugging and Analysis</h2><p dir="ltr">The debug capabilities of virtual prototyping are a leap forward in verification methodology. The ability to pause, rewind, and replay scenarios in a virtual prototype provides an unprecedented level of control and insight into system behavior. This allows for a more nuanced analysis and a thorough understanding of the root causes of issues, which can be elusive in traditional post-silicon debugging.</p><h2 dir="ltr">The Quantifiable Benefits</h2><p dir="ltr">The advantages of virtual prototyping can be quantified in reduced development time, increased product quality, and lowered costs. With the accelerated time-to-market that virtual prototyping allows, companies can stay ahead of the competition and better meet market demands. Additionally, the increased productivity and efficiency across teams contribute to a more streamlined development process, from conceptual design to final product validation.</p><h1 dir="ltr">Virtual Prototyping Solutions by Synopsys</h1><p dir="ltr">Synopsys offers a comprehensive virtual prototyping solution that includes several key products and services:</p><ul><li dir="ltr"><p dir="ltr"><strong>Synopsys Virtualizer:</strong> The <a href="https://www.synopsys.com/verification/virtual-prototyping/virtualizer.html" target="_blank">Synopsys Virtualizer tool</a> enables the creation of virtual prototypes that can be used for early software development and testing. This tool is a part of a suite that includes Synopsys Platform Architect™ and a vast array of transaction-level models (TLMs). <a href="https://www.synopsys.com/verification/virtual-prototyping/vdk.html" target="_blank">Virtualizer Development Kits (VDKs)</a> are also provided for software development, allowing for early software bring-up before silicon availability.</p></li><li><strong>Hybrid Prototyping:</strong> For hardware and software engineers, Synopsys offers a <a href="https://www.synopsys.com/verification/virtual-prototyping/virtualizer/hybrid-prototyping.html" target="_blank">hybrid prototyping solution</a> that combines virtual and FPGA-based prototypes. This allows for the benefits of both approaches, enabling the start of multi-core SoC prototyping earlier and facilitating high-performance execution of system-level models, which include direct connections to real-world hardware interfaces.</li></ul><p><span class="fr-img-caption fr-fic fr-dib" style="width: 302px;"><span class="fr-img-wrap"><img src="https://images.wevolver.com/eyJidWNrZXQiOiJ3ZXZvbHZlci1wcm9qZWN0LWltYWdlcyIsImtleSI6ImZyb2FsYS8xNzAwMjAxNDU1OTAyLWltYWdlMi5wbmciLCJlZGl0cyI6eyJyZXNpemUiOnsid2lkdGgiOjk1MCwiZml0IjoiY292ZXIifX19" style="width: 300px;" class="fr-fic fr-dib" alt="hybrid-prototyping-framework-synopsis"><span class="fr-inner" spellcheck="false">A block diagram illustrating the hybrid prototyping framework and workflow. Source:&nbsp;<a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_ux9xPkGfF0&ab_channel=Synopsys" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Faster Software Development using Hybrid Prototyping - Synopsys YouTube</a></span></span></span></p><ul><li dir="ltr"><strong>Synopsys Platform Architect for Multi-Core Optimization (MCO):</strong> Synopsys provides the&nbsp;<a href="https://www.synopsys.com/verification/virtual-prototyping/platform-architect.html" target="_blank">Platform Architect tool</a> for creating virtual prototypes geared towards architecture design. This tool is designed to cater to the specific requirements for simulation speed and timing accuracy, and it is used alongside Virtualizer for a comprehensive virtual prototyping environment tailored to software development use cases.</li><li dir="ltr"><strong>Virtual Prototyping Services:</strong> Synopsys provides full-service solutions where they take charge of modeling, assembling, and delivering a virtual prototype tailored to the specific needs of end-user teams. This service may include integrating software tools, environment models, test environments, and customizing virtual prototype tools for debugging and analysis to meet particular requirements.</li></ul><p dir="ltr">Each of these offerings is designed to support different aspects of the development process, from the early stages of software development to the optimization of multi-core system architectures.</p><h1 dir="ltr">Conclusion</h1><p dir="ltr">Virtual prototyping marks a turning point in digital design, fundamentally transforming the way we approach the development of complex systems. By allowing for early software development and thorough system validation, it significantly shortens time-to-market and enhances product quality. The ability to test and iterate designs within a virtual environment translates to a leap in efficiency and cost-effectiveness, driving innovation at a faster clip than ever before.</p><p dir="ltr">As the complexities of design increase, virtual prototyping offers the agility and foresight needed to keep pace with rapid technological advancements. It is more than a tool; it is a strategic imperative for any organization aiming to lead in the fiercely competitive landscape of digital technology.</p><h1 dir="ltr">References</h1><p dir="ltr">[1] What is Virtual Prototyping? – How it Works &amp; Benefits. Synopsys; [Online]. Available from:&nbsp;<a href="https://www.synopsys.com/glossary/what-is-virtual-prototyping.html" target="_blank">https://www.synopsys.com/glossary/what-is-virtual-prototyping.html</a></p><p dir="ltr">[2] Chang KH. Introduction to e-Design. In: Chang KH, editor. Design Theory and Methods Using CAD/CAE. Academic Press; 2015. p. 1-37. [Online]. Available from:&nbsp;<a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/B9780123985125000013" target="_blank">https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/B9780123985125000013</a></p><p dir="ltr">[3] Bidanda B, Bártolo PJ, editors. Virtual Prototyping &amp; Bio Manufacturing in Medical Applications. Springer International Publishing; 2020.</p>

Virtual prototyping in digital design streamlines the development of complex systems by allowing early software testing and hardware optimization before the creation of a physical prototype.

The Era of Virtual Prototyping in Digital Design

<p id="isPasted"><strong>New mobility offers such as ridepooling could relieve pressure on city centers, reduce emissions and offer passengers more flexibility.&nbsp;The “Autonomous Ridepooling” (ALIKE) project, in which researchers from the Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) are also involved, is developing an on-demand transport service with autonomous shuttle buses in Hamburg’s road traffic.&nbsp;ALIKE bundles the competencies of mobility providers and partners from the vehicle industry and science.&nbsp;The Federal Ministry of Digital and Transport is funding the project with 26 million euros.</strong></p><p>Up to 10,000 autonomous shuttles could be on Hamburg's streets by 2030.&nbsp;With a modern on-demand transport offer, a mobility solution is to be created in the Hanseatic city that expands the classic public transport of buses and trains with a new product.&nbsp;The system should be easy for passengers to book and use, ideally scalable across regions and also transferable to rural areas.</p><p>Autonomous ridepooling is intended to close the gap between actual mobility needs in many life situations and public transport.&nbsp;For the first time, the consortium partners will develop and build a complete system for booking and using up to 20 autonomous vehicles in public transport in Hamburg.&nbsp;The vehicles will be integrated into an on-demand service in order to test them in real operation and make them digitally bookable for users via apps.&nbsp;The project results are intended to create the basis for future commercial deployment and scaling of autonomous ridepooling services.</p><h2><strong>Impact of autonomous vehicles on traffic and passengers</strong></h2><p>Researchers from the KIT Institute for Transport (IfV) are investigating how the Hamburg population accepts the new offer.&nbsp;In doing so, they build on the&nbsp;<a href="https://www.kit.edu/kit/pi_2021_110_verkehrssimulation-ridepooling-fordert-verkehrswende.php" target="_blank">accompanying research in the MOIA project</a> , in which they were able to show that car traffic in Hamburg could be reduced by up to eight percent under certain conditions with ridepooling offers.&nbsp;The specially developed simulation tool mobiTopp will also be used at ALIKE.&nbsp;“This is where the first autonomous vehicles are being integrated into public transport on a large scale.&nbsp;We are investigating how people behave with autonomous ridepooling offers,” explains Dr.&nbsp;Martin Kagerbauer from IfV.&nbsp;Ridepooling can be operated more economically with autonomous vehicles.&nbsp;This also strengthens mobility away from private cars, according to the mobility researcher.&nbsp;Using the data from these surveys, he and his team then further develop the MOIA traffic model with mobiTopp.&nbsp;“The more data we collect on different forms of mobility in our model, the better we can understand and advance the transport transition.”</p><p>The Federal Ministry of Digital and Transport is supporting the project with 26 million euros.&nbsp;Federal Transport Minister Volker Wissing handed over the funding decision today (October 23, 2023) in Hamburg.</p><h2><strong>Partner in ALIKE</strong></h2><p>In addition to HOCHBAHN as consortium leader, the project consortium includes the on-demand service MOIA, the vehicle manufacturers HOLON and Volkswagen Commercial Vehicles, KIT as a research partner and the Hamburg Authority for Transport and Mobility Transition.</p>

Simulation of ridepooling vehicles with mobiTopp for researching the effects of autonomous traffic (Fig.: MOIA Simulation)

Federal government funds project in the model region of Hamburg - KIT researchers are investigating the behavior of users of mobility offers

Autonomous Ridepooling to Support the Traffic Turnaround

<p id="isPasted">In wind-tunnel tests, the German Aerospace Center (Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt; DLR) has investigated the lift generated by commercial aircraft using state-of-the-art measurement and simulation technologies. The findings will help to predict the characteristics of future aircraft much more accurately than before, in order to make them quieter, more efficient and more environmentally friendly.</p><p>The development of a new aircraft is a lengthy and complex process. An interaction between computer simulations and wind tunnel experiments takes place long before construction and the first flight. "Highly accurate simulations of the airflow around an aircraft are necessary to accurately and reliably predict the aerodynamics and thus the flight envelope of current and future aircraft configurations," says Project Coordinator Cornelia Grabe of the&nbsp;<a href="https://www.dlr.de/en/as" target="_blank">DLR Institute of Aerodynamics and Flow Technology</a> in&nbsp;<a href="https://www.dlr.de/en/dlr/locations-and-offices/goettingen" target="_blank">Göttingen</a>. The same applies to identifying the safe operating range of the engines. The&nbsp;<a href="https://www.dlr.de/as/en/desktopdefault.aspx/tabid-17581/27883_read-72278/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">DLR 'Adaptive Data-driven Physical Modelling towards Border of Envelope Applications' (ADaMant)</a> project aims to develop and demonstrate computer models for such high-precision flow simulations.</p><h2>Joint endeavour by DLR and NASA</h2><p>DLR and NASA worked together to carry out tests at the Braunschweig&nbsp;<a href="https://www.dnw.aero/wind-tunnels/nwb/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Low-Speed Wind Tunnel (Niedergeschwindigkeits-Windkanal Braunschweig; NWB)</a>, operated by&nbsp;<a href="https://www.dnw.aero/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">German-Dutch Wind Tunnels (DNW)</a>, using an internationally recognised research model of a commercial aircraft provided by the US National Aeronautics and Space Administration (<a href="https://www.nasa.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">NASA)</a>. Tests with the same model are being repeated in NASA's own wind tunnel, in order to acquire a better understanding of how the use of different wind tunnels affects the resulting measurement data. The airflow around the research model in free flight was examined in the flow simulation, and the wind tunnel was also modelled. The aim was to investigate the extent to which the wind tunnel influences the flow around an aircraft model. This knowledge will make computer simulations and wind tunnel experiments more comparable.</p><h2>The challenge of turbulent flows</h2><p>The greatest challenge in the computer modelling of aerodynamic processes is turbulent flows. They require sophisticated computational methods to find a balance between precision and efficiency. While precision is essential to reliably predict the flight envelope of an aircraft or the operating range of an engine, the use of resources such as computing time on supercomputers needs to be reduced to the minimum necessary for such simulations.</p><p>In the ADaMant project, researchers examined computer models with varying degrees of precision and evaluated them with regard to their suitability both for simulating the airflow around an aircraft's exterior under specific flight conditions and for simulating certain operating ranges of an engine. Ultimately, the knowledge gained should help to improve the computer models used to design and simulate the flight characteristics of future aircraft and engines. This will support and accelerate the development of more efficient and environmentally friendly aircraft.</p><p>The wind tunnel tests took place inside DNW's Braunschweig Low-Speed Wind Tunnel. The calculations were carried out using DLR's&nbsp;<a href="https://www.dlr.de/en/research-and-transfer/research-infrastructure/hpc-cluster/caro" target="_blank">CARO supercomputer</a> in Göttingen. Six DLR institutes and facilities are involved in the project:</p>

The NASA aircraft model inside the DNW Braunschweig Low-Speed Wind Tunnel (DNW-NWB). 'Sheets' of laser light illuminating the inner and outer wings are used to measure flow velocities. Credit: DLR (CC BY-NC-ND 3.0)

In wind-tunnel tests, the German Aerospace Center (Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt; DLR) has investigated the lift generated by commercial aircraft using state-of-the-art measurement and simulation technologies.

DLR improves the prediction of flight characteristics for future aircraft

<section data-loopindex="1" data-theme="light" id="isPasted"><div data-loopindex="1"><p dir="ltr">Slicing software has been around since the very beginning of 3D printing, with digital slicing of STL files being one of the key features of Chuck Hull&rsquo;s first stereolithography system. However, in the time since, slicing software has evolved beyond its base functions of simply converting 3D object models into machine instructions.</p><p dir="ltr">Today, enterprise-scale software platforms like Eiger not only provide slicing&mdash; they serve as an organization&rsquo;s digital hub for&nbsp;<a href="https://markforged.com/resources/blog/additive-manufacturing-101-guide-the-basics" target="_blank">additive manufacturing</a> activities such as managing printer fleets, digital inventories of parts, and accessing usage analytics.</p><p dir="ltr">Also, new&nbsp;<a href="https://markforged.com/software" target="_blank">3D printing software</a> tools now exist to further streamline and automate additive manufacturing operations, which can save organizations large amounts of time and money while making life easier.</p><p dir="ltr">Curious to learn about today&rsquo;s available 3D printing software? Read this article for an introduction.</p></div></section><section data-loopindex="2" data-theme="light"><div data-loopindex="2"><h3></h3><h2 dir="ltr"><strong>Slicing software: more than just print settings</strong></h2><p dir="ltr">A slicing program transforms a digital model into a set of instructions that the 3D printer can use to produce a tangible part. It takes a&nbsp;<a href="https://markforged.com/resources/blog/how-to-create-high-quality-stl-files-for-3d-prints" target="_blank">3D model</a>, &lsquo;slices&rsquo; it into the many distinct horizontal layers that together comprise a 3D-printed part, while customizing print settings and generating toolpaths &mdash; converting all of this information into machine-readable instructions for the printer to follow. Slicers allow users to define key parameters for each print &mdash; such as print orientations, layer heights, support structures, print speeds, infill densities, continuous fiber reinforcement, and other settings.</p><p dir="ltr">Certain modern slicing software programs, such as Eiger, also serve as an organization&rsquo;s digital hub for managing nearly all 3D printing activities. Along with base slicing functions, cloud-based applications like&nbsp;<a href="https://markforged.com/management-integration" target="_blank">Eiger</a> have features for managing part files, multiple printers, simultaneous print jobs, and users within an organization (through role-based access control), as well as tracking performance and usage analytics.</p><p dir="ltr">With many global manufacturers using 3D printing for core operations, Markforged designed Eiger software to be a simple means for managing print jobs across printers in different geographic locations &mdash; making this also a powerful supply chain tool for fast, on-demand procurement of parts. Storing parts in the cloud as digital inventories also allows manufacturers to avoid allocating valuable space for physical inventories of spare parts.</p><p dir="ltr"><span class="fr-video fr-deletable fr-fvc fr-dvb fr-draggable" contenteditable="false" draggable="true"><iframe width="640" height="360" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/FfN9-Z9egCw?&wmode=opaque&rel=0&enablejsapi=1&origin=https://www.wevolver.com" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen="" class="fr-draggable" data-lf-form-tracking-inspected-kn9eq4roawkarlvp="true" data-lf-yt-playback-inspected-kn9eq4roawkarlvp="true" data-lf-vimeo-playback-inspected-kn9eq4roawkarlvp="true"></iframe></span><em>How can we extend the benefits of 3D printed parts to worksites across the globe? Being able to 3D print parts at the point of need makes operations more agile, efficient, and cost-effective.&nbsp;</em></p><section data-loopindex="4" data-theme="light" id="isPasted"><div data-loopindex="4"><h3></h3><h2 dir="ltr"><strong>API integrations: automate workflows between 3D printing, factory systems</strong></h2><p dir="ltr">Through API integrations, different factory systems (like ERP or MES systems) can speak to each other, syncing data. Integration offers&nbsp;<a href="https://markforged.com/resources/blog/why-integrate-factory-systems-with-3d-printing-software#:~:text=Benefits%20of%203D%20printing%20software%20integration" target="_blank">a number of benefits</a>. Successful integrations, through automating processes and information transfer, ultimately save time, reduce errors, and reduce delays that take place between actions.</p><p dir="ltr">Through an API integration, slicing software like Eiger can be integrated with other factory systems, automating additive-related workflows at other digital manufacturing touchpoints. Other important business systems can automatically receive details from the slicer around their parts, builds, print jobs, and printers. For example, a slicer can automatically prompt an asset management system to track each printed part &mdash; or automatically prompt a Digital Kanban Inventory system to initiate a print when inventory falls beneath a defined threshold.</p><p dir="ltr">Through API integrations, slicers can connect with many different factory systems: a Manufacturing Execution System (MES), Product Lifecycle Management (PLM) system, or Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) system, QMS, CRM, AM/EAM, SCM, financials, accounting systems, and more.</p></div></section><section data-loopindex="5" data-theme="light"><div data-loopindex="5"><h3></h3><h2 dir="ltr"><strong>Simulating part performance: determining strength and stiffness before hitting &lsquo;print&rsquo;</strong></h2><p dir="ltr">For many 3D printed parts &mdash; from tooling built for factory floors, to&nbsp;<a href="https://markforged.com/resources/blog/3-ways-to-deliver-trusted-parts-faster-with-simulation" target="_blank">composite steering wheels</a> guiding drag racing vehicles that reach speeds of 275+ mph &mdash; high strength and stiffness are absolutely crucial. Furthermore, as many organizations operate on development and production cycles with limited time, it&rsquo;s valuable to know that your part meets its performance requirements without having to print and break the design many times.</p><p dir="ltr"><a href="https://markforged.com/simulation" target="_blank">3D printing simulation software</a> allows organizations to virtually test part strength and stiffness, where users can validate how their part will perform&nbsp;<strong>before&nbsp;</strong>they print it. Simulation software dramatically reduces the need for print-break test cycles, which typically consume significant amounts of time and material. 3D printing simulation software can also optimize prints to reduce material costs and/or print times, while still meeting defined performance requirements.</p><p dir="ltr">Simulation software works by using information about strength and stiffness requirements, the use case, and the part itself. After the user specifies and inputs the necessary testing criteria and performance factors, the software runs its simulation to determine if the part passes or fails the virtual performance test.</p><p dir="ltr"><span class="fr-video fr-deletable fr-fvc fr-dvb fr-draggable" contenteditable="false" draggable="true"><iframe width="640" height="360" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/20eHQzZ-FGQ?&wmode=opaque&rel=0&enablejsapi=1&origin=https://www.wevolver.com" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen="" class="fr-draggable" data-lf-form-tracking-inspected-kn9eq4roawkarlvp="true" data-lf-yt-playback-inspected-kn9eq4roawkarlvp="true" data-lf-vimeo-playback-inspected-kn9eq4roawkarlvp="true"></iframe></span><em>Learn how simulating part performance can help cut print times, increase part stiffness, all while maintaining strength and cost.&nbsp;</em></p><section data-loopindex="7" data-theme="light" id="isPasted"><div data-loopindex="7"><h3></h3><h2 dir="ltr"><strong>In-process quality inspection</strong></h2><p dir="ltr">Given the requisite hardware and software, certain 3D printers can scan parts for quality assurance inspection during the printing process. Once printing is finished, the inspection software automatically generates a report that shows you if your part is within spec via clear pass/fail analysis.</p><p dir="ltr"><a href="https://markforged.com/inspection" target="_blank">3D printing inspection software</a> works by using an onboard laser micrometer and a scanning process. It generates a laser inspection toolpath at slicing time for your part and build settings. When the part begins printing, the software automates the collection, upload, and registration of measurement data to help users ascertain if each part printed is within the acceptable tolerance.</p><p dir="ltr">Ultimately, automated inspection of parts boosts manufacturing productivity by reducing manpower and time required for manual quality assurance.</p></div></section><section data-loopindex="8" data-theme="light"><div data-loopindex="8"><h3></h3><h2><strong>Is 3D printing software secure?</strong></h2><p dir="ltr">A single cybersecurity breach can be incredibly costly for any business hit. With organizations now storing sensitive data in the cloud, information security has topical importance in&nbsp;<a href="https://markforged.com/3d-printers" target="_blank">industrial 3D printing</a> &mdash; after all, when storing proprietary parts in the cloud as digital inventory, manufacturers need to protect their intellectual property.</p><p dir="ltr">The Digital Forge, including Eiger software, is the first additive manufacturing platform to attain<strong>&nbsp;ISO/IEC 27001</strong> certification, meeting rigorous international standards for data management and information security.</p><p dir="ltr"><span class="fr-video fr-deletable fr-fvc fr-dvb fr-draggable" contenteditable="false" draggable="true"><iframe width="640" height="360" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/r_wczXR9sSI?&wmode=opaque&rel=0&enablejsapi=1&origin=https://www.wevolver.com" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen="" class="fr-draggable" data-lf-form-tracking-inspected-kn9eq4roawkarlvp="true" data-lf-yt-playback-inspected-kn9eq4roawkarlvp="true" data-lf-vimeo-playback-inspected-kn9eq4roawkarlvp="true"></iframe></span><em>How does Markforged secure your data? </em></p><section data-loopindex="10" data-theme="light" id="isPasted"><div data-loopindex="10"><p dir="ltr">Markforged 3D printing software uses&nbsp;<strong>SAML SSO</strong> (single sign-on) and&nbsp;<strong>TLS</strong> (transport layer security) certificates. SAML SSO provides a simplified authentication process across enterprise applications with the benefit of improved security. As only one set of credentials is needed per user, user credentials for the organization do not need to be stored in any system. TLS certificates ensure critical information passed from web applications is securely encrypted &mdash; to prevent unwanted modifications, loss, or theft of important data.</p><p><strong>RBAC&nbsp;</strong>(role-based access control) in Markforged 3D printing software offers additional benefits for data management and information security. Ensuring employees only have access to the information they need improves confidentiality, privacy, and compliance. RBAC protects sensitive data from unwanted access, modification, leaks, or deletion &mdash; while also simplifying organizational user management processes.</p></div></section><section data-loopindex="11" data-theme="light"><div data-loopindex="11"><h3></h3><h2 dir="ltr"><strong>3D printing software has evolved substantially. What&rsquo;s next?</strong></h2><p dir="ltr">3D printing software has come a long way since back when it was introduced to serve a single purpose.</p><p dir="ltr">Today, innovative slicing applications like Eiger have expanded how 3D printing software can create value for manufacturers beyond just the domain of slicing, evolving into a new industry benchmark: enterprise-grade control centers for additive manufacturing operations. This modern 3D printing software has created new ways for 3D printers to manage inventory, solve supply chain problems, and easily manage all 3D printing operations.</p><p dir="ltr">As more manufacturers digitally transform to make operations leaner and more efficient, the role of industrial 3D printing continues to grow. Today&rsquo;s cutting edge software tools &mdash; such as performance simulation, slicing APIs, and in-process inspection &mdash; continue to make industrial 3D printing an even faster, more efficient, and more automated solution for solving the biggest challenges in manufacturing.</p></div></section></div></section></div></section></div></section>

Slicing software has been around since the very beginning of 3D printing, with digital slicing of STL files being one of the key features of Chuck Hull’s first stereolithography system. However, in the time since, slicing software has evolved beyond its base functions of simply converting 3D object models into machine instructions.

Simulation Software

Profiles