Article #6 of Engineering the Quantum Future Series: Quantum computing brings groundbreaking tech advances and ethical challenges, requiring frameworks for secure and fair use.

Technical and Ethical Issues in Quantum Computing: The Quantum Challenge

This is the fifth article in a six-part series featuring articles on "<a href="https://www.wevolver.com/article/engineering-the-quantum-future/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Engineering the Quantum Future</a>". The series explains the revolutionary advancements in quantum computing and their implications for various industries. Each article discusses a specific aspect of this transformative technology, from the fundamental concepts of quantum computing to the practical applications and challenges. This series is sponsored by Mouser Electronics. Through the sponsorship, Mouser Electronics promotes innovation and the exchange of knowledge, aiming to harness the revolutionary capabilities of quantum computing for a smarter and safer technological future.In the digital age, the internet has become the backbone of our daily transactions, from purchasing a book to transferring sensitive corporate data. But how can we be certain that our online interactions are secure? How do we ensure that our credit card details aren't intercepted by malicious entities or that the website we're browsing isn't a facade created by cybercriminals?This article explores the critical intersection of quantum computing and cybersecurity, detailing how the rise of quantum capabilities poses a formidable challenge to traditional encryption methods like RSA. It discusses personal and national security implications and the urgent need for quantum-proof encryption technologies to safeguard our digital interactions from future quantum threats.<h2 dir="ltr">The Vulnerability of Online Interactions</h2>With emails becoming our primary mode of written communication, the assumption is that they're secure enough to transmit everything from personal details to proprietary business secrets. The reality, however, is that the Internet, by its very nature, is a vulnerable communication platform. Data packets navigate through numerous servers and channels before reaching their destination.Every online interaction is stored. As assets increasingly digitalize, moving from physical to sometimes exclusively digital forms, the importance of strong cybersecurity cannot be overstated. Cryptographic algorithms play a crucial role in this, encoding our data before we send it and decoding it when received.<h2 dir="ltr">Cryptographic Algorithms and the RSA</h2>Central to our online security is the RSA cryptographic algorithm. Conceived in 1977 by MIT researchers Ron Rivest, Adi Shamir, and Leonard Adleman (from whose surnames the acronym RSA is derived), this algorithm is the backbone of secure internet communication and data storage.[1] It operates on a dual-key system: one key encrypts the data, and the other decrypts it. The beauty of this system lies in its simplicity.&nbsp;Imagine wanting to send a confidential letter. Instead of risking it being read during transit, you encrypt it using a publicly available key. Only the intended recipient, with their private decryption key, can then decipher your message. This asymmetric key encryption ensures that while anyone can encrypt data for a recipient, only the recipient can decrypt it.Every day, billions of people interact with the web, be it through social media, online shopping, or accessing cloud-based services. These interactions, often seen as mundane, are protected by layers of encryption to ensure user privacy and data integrity. When you spot that padlock icon in your browser's address bar, it signifies that your connection is secured using the HTTPS protocol, which leans heavily on RSA.While RSA has been a cornerstone of our digital security, emerging technologies like quantum computing pose significant challenges to its dominance and to cybersecurity in general. Indeed, with the arrival of quantum computing, every web interaction could become a potential point of vulnerability. The very act of browsing could be intercepted, manipulated, or monitored at an unprecedented scale.<h2 dir="ltr">How Does Quantum Computing Destabilize RSA?&nbsp;</h2>Quantum computing poses a significant threat to the RSA encryption system, primarily due to something called Shor's algorithm, proposed by mathematician Peter Shor in 1994.[2] Shor's algorithm is specifically designed for quantum computers and can efficiently factorize large numbers, which are the foundation of RSA encryption.RSA encryption works by generating a pair of keys: one public and one private. The public key encrypts the message into ciphertext, which only the corresponding private key can decrypt. This process ensures secure communication because RSA's security relies on the difficulty of factoring a large composite number, which is the product of two large prime numbers. For instance, multiplying two 300-digit primes creates a 600-digit number. Factoring this number with classical computers would take an impractically long time, often beyond the lifespan of the universe, making it practically impossible to break the encryption and ensure data security.However, utilizing Shor's algorithm, quantum computers can perform this factorization exponentially faster than classical computers by leveraging the unique properties of quantum superposition to&nbsp;perform a vast range of calculations simultaneously. It utilizes the Fourier transform (FT) to extract values needed for each iteration’s guess of the prime factors. This means that the large numbers used in RSA could potentially be broken down in mere hours or even minutes on a sufficiently powerful quantum computer. Once these numbers are factored, the encryption is effectively broken, rendering the RSA system vulnerable.In practical terms, this vulnerability means that all data encrypted using RSA could be decrypted by someone with access to a quantum computer capable of running Shor's algorithm.&nbsp;<h2 dir="ltr">What Happens When RSA Becomes Obsolete?</h2>It would be potentially catastrophic if quantum computing, with its unparalleled processing capabilities, were used maliciously by cybercriminals aiming to breach vast data repositories. Personal details, from medical histories to financial transactions, could be laid bare, leading to unprecedented privacy breaches.Beyond the vulnerabilities of RSA lies a broader concern that resonates with the core of our digital world. Quantum computing is not merely a potential threat; it presents an existential risk to all current classical computer encryption protocols.&nbsp;RSA isn't the sole encryption algorithm at risk from quantum advancements. Both the Diffie-Hellman key exchange and elliptic curve cryptography (ECC), pillars of modern security software, are susceptible to quantum algorithms akin to Shor’s, necessitating a reevaluation of our approach to digital security.<h3 dir="ltr">Harvest Now, Decrypt Later</h3>One of the more insidious strategies cybercriminals could employ in the quantum age is the "harvest now, decrypt later" approach. By exfiltrating encrypted data now, while it remains secure against current decryption methods, hackers could bide their time. Once quantum computing reaches its potential, this stockpiled data could be decrypted en masse, unleashing a tidal wave of breaches long after the data was initially compromised. That means it’s not just our future data at risk but also present-day data.With quantum computers evolving rapidly, experts forecast that our current cryptographic algorithms could be compromised within a decade. This looming threat underscores the urgency for post-quantum cryptographic algorithms.&nbsp;<h3 dir="ltr">Not Only Personal But National Security Information</h3>Warfare has evolved, with battles now being fought not just on land, sea, and air but also in the digital domain. Nation-states invest heavily in cyber warfare capabilities, aiming to disrupt or disable adversaries’ critical infrastructure. Quantum computing could be the next frontier in this digital arms race. A nation equipped with advanced quantum capabilities could potentially weaken the defense systems, communication networks, and strategic assets of its adversaries, leading to a seismic shift in global power dynamics.<h2 dir="ltr">What’s Being Done About It?</h2>Global leaders aren't losing sight of quantum computing's implications. Recognizing the potential threats and the need for proactive measures, governments worldwide are taking initiatives. For instance, in December 2022, the U.S. administration, under President Biden, enacted the Quantum Computing Cybersecurity Preparedness Act.[3] This legislation underscores the urgency of equipping government agencies with technology that can withstand post-quantum decryption, emphasizing the global scale of the challenge at hand.Facing serious decryption risks, the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) has also been at the forefront of actively seeking quantum-resistant algorithms. NIST’s endeavors have identified promising finalists, with specific algorithms being earmarked as the next generation of encryption standards.[4]In the quest for quantum-proof solutions, lattice-based cryptography emerges as a promising approach. Championed by giants like IBM, this method is based on the geometry of numbers, offering encryption protocols that might prove more resilient against quantum decryption attempts. Unlike traditional methods, lattice-based cryptography operates on structures that could pose significant challenges for quantum computers, making it a frontrunner in the race to secure our digital future.Imagine a lattice as a grid of points in space. In simple 2D space, it might look like a checkerboard. But in the world of cryptography, these lattices exist in hundreds or even thousands of dimensions. Trying to find a specific point in such a complex lattice is like trying to find a needle in a multi-dimensional haystack. Even with their immense computational power, quantum computers still struggle with these lattice problems.<h2 dir="ltr">Advanced Connectivity with Amphenol RF SMA Connectors<img src="https://images.wevolver.com/eyJidWNrZXQiOiJ3ZXZvbHZlci1wcm9qZWN0LWltYWdlcyIsImtleSI6ImZyb2FsYS8xNzIyNDM5NzgzNjc0LWltYWdlMi5qcGciLCJlZGl0cyI6eyJyZXNpemUiOnsid2lkdGgiOjk1MCwiZml0IjoiY292ZXIifX19" style="width: 100%px;" class="fr-fic fr-dib" alt="Amphenol-RF-SMA-connector">Amphenol RF SMA Connectors, enhancing semiconductor manufacturing with versatile and high-performance connectivity solutions.</h2><a href="https://www.mouser.com/amphenol-rf-sma-connectors" target="_blank">Amphenol RF SMA Connectors</a> are essential for high-performance applications in semiconductor manufacturing and testing. These connectors are available in PCB-mount and cable-mount configurations, complemented by a variety of adapters, terminators, attenuators, and cable assemblies. They also offer custom end-launch solutions tailored for specific PCB configurations, ensuring optimal performance.<h2 dir="ltr">Enhanced RF Solutions with Amphenol SV Microwave SMPM Connectors<img src="https://images.wevolver.com/eyJidWNrZXQiOiJ3ZXZvbHZlci1wcm9qZWN0LWltYWdlcyIsImtleSI6ImZyb2FsYS8xNzIyNDM5Nzk5NjgyLWltYWdlMS5qcGciLCJlZGl0cyI6eyJyZXNpemUiOnsid2lkdGgiOjk1MCwiZml0IjoiY292ZXIifX19" style="width: 100%px;" class="fr-fic fr-dib" alt="Amphenol-SV-Microwave-SMPM-Connector">Amphenol / SV Microwave SMPM Connectors, offering high-density and efficient RF solutions for demanding applications.</h2><a href="https://www.mouser.com/amphenol-smpm-connectors" target="_blank">Amphenol / SV Microwave SMPM Connectors</a> are compact, 20% smaller than SMP connectors, and support frequencies up to 65GHz. These connectors facilitate high-density configurations and compensate for misalignment, making them suitable for aerospace, telecom, and other high-frequency applications. Their push-on design simplifies the installation process, allowing quick and efficient connections without tools.<h2 dir="ltr">Conclusion</h2>The looming security threat posed by quantum computing highlights an immediate need: quantum-proof encryption. As we’ve seen, it's not just about protecting future data but safeguarding the troves of information already in existence.Critical data related to national security, banking, or personal privacy doesn't just need protection; it requires a fortress built on quantum-resistant principles.&nbsp;The call to action is clear: The transition to quantum-proof encryption methods needs to be a priority, ensuring that our secrets, both past and present, remain just that—secret.As the quantum era dawns, the onus is on researchers, policymakers, and industry leaders to collaborate, innovate, and fortify our digital world against the challenges ahead.This article was initially published in "<a href="https://resources.mouser.com/methods/engineering-the-quantum-future" target="_blank">METHODS: Engineering the Quantum Future</a>," an e-magazine by Mouser Electronics. It has been substantially edited by the Wevolver team and <a href="https://www.wevolver.com/profile/ravi.rao" target="_blank">Ravi Y Rao</a>. It's the fifth article in the Engineering the Quantum Future Series. Upcoming articles will introduce readers to more trends and technologies transforming quantum computing.<hr>The&nbsp;<a href="https://www.wevolver.com/article/engineering-the-quantum-future/" target="_blank">introductory article</a>&nbsp;explores the current state of quantum computing, highlighting its challenges and potentialThe&nbsp;<a href="https://www.wevolver.com/article/from-bits-to-qubits-an-introduction-to-quantum-computing/" target="_blank">first article</a>&nbsp;dives into the foundational concepts of quantum computing, covering its theoretical basis, technological evolution, and potential applicationsThe&nbsp;<a href="https://www.wevolver.com/article/breakthroughs-in-quantum-computing/" target="_blank">second article</a>&nbsp;takes a look at some transformative breakthroughs in quantum computingThe&nbsp;<a href="https://www.wevolver.com/article/quantum-computing-and-energy-optimization-a-future-beyond-moores-law/" target="_blank">third article</a>&nbsp;examines the role of quantum computing in enhancing energy efficiencyThe&nbsp;<a href="https://www.wevolver.com/article/the-quantum-web-interconnecting-quantum-processors-for-larger-scale-machines/" target="_blank">fourth article</a>&nbsp;explains quantum interconnectivity, detailing how linking quantum processors can amplify computing powerThe&nbsp;<a href="https://www.wevolver.com/article/the-quantum-threat-to-cybersecurity-and-the-quest-for-quantum-proof-encryption/" target="_blank">fifth article</a>&nbsp;addresses how the advancements in quantum capabilities pose significant challenges to traditional encryption methods and cybersecurityThe&nbsp;<a href="https://www.wevolver.com/article/technical-and-ethical-issues-in-quantum-computing-the-quantum-challenge/" target="_blank">sixth article</a>&nbsp;discusses the technical and ethical challenges of quantum computing as the technology progresses<hr><h2 dir="ltr">References</h2>[1] Rivest RL, Shamir A, Adleman L. A method for obtaining digital signatures and public-key cryptosystems. Commun ACM. 1978 Feb;21(2):120-126. Available from: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1145/359340.359342" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1145/359340.359342</a>[2] Shor PW. Polynomial-Time Algorithms for Prime Factorization and Discrete Logarithms on a Quantum Computer. In: Proceedings of the 35th Annual Symposium on Foundations of Computer Science; 1994 Nov 20-22; Santa Fe, NM. IEEE Computer Society Press; 1994. p. 124-134. Available from: <a href="https://arxiv.org/abs/quant-ph/9508027" target="_blank">https://arxiv.org/abs/quant-ph/9508027</a>[3] Forbes Technology Council. What the Quantum Computing Cybersecurity Preparedness Act Means for National Security [Internet]. Forbes; 2023 Jan 25. Available from: <a href="https://www.forbes.com/sites/forbestechcouncil/2023/01/25/what-the-quantum-computing-cybersecurity-preparedness-act-means-for-national-security/" target="_blank">https://www.forbes.com/sites/forbestechcouncil/2023/01/25/what-the-quantum-computing-cybersecurity-preparedness-act-means-for-national-security/</a>[4] National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST). NIST Announces First Four Quantum-Resistant Cryptographic Algorithms [Internet]. Gaithersburg: NIST; 2022 July 5. Available from: <a href="https://www.nist.gov/news-events/news/2022/07/nist-announces-first-four-quantum-resistant-cryptographic-algorithms" target="_blank">https://www.nist.gov/news-events/news/2022/07/nist-announces-first-four-quantum-resistant-cryptographic-algorithms</a>

Article #5 of Engineering the Quantum Future Series: The looming threat of quantum computing necessitates urgent development and implementation of quantum-proof encryption methods to safeguard our digital future.

The Quantum Threat to Cybersecurity and the Quest for Quantum-Proof Encryption

This is the fourth article in a six-part series featuring articles on "<a href="https://www.wevolver.com/article/engineering-the-quantum-future/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Engineering the Quantum Future</a>". The series explains the revolutionary advancements in quantum computing and their implications for various industries. Each article discusses a specific aspect of this transformative technology, from the fundamental concepts of quantum computing to the practical applications and challenges. This series is sponsored by Mouser Electronics. Through the sponsorship, Mouser Electronics promotes innovation and the exchange of knowledge, aiming to harness the revolutionary capabilities of quantum computing for a smarter and safer technological future.Quantum computing is rapidly advancing beyond the limitations of traditional processing, venturing into the space of interconnected quantum processors. This development is pivotal for creating larger-scale machines that integrate multiple processors, exponentially enhancing computational abilities and operational efficiency. Such interconnected systems promise to address complex challenges across various fields by performing intricate calculations at unprecedented speeds, setting the stage for breakthroughs in science and technology that were once beyond reach.This article explores the cutting-edge field of quantum interconnectivity, detailing how linking quantum processors can amplify computing power and accelerate complex calculations. It dives into the groundbreaking advancements and challenges shaping this rapidly evolving technology.<h2 dir="ltr">Quantum Connectivity: Building the Next Generation of Quantum Processors</h2>From accelerating drug discovery to advancing artificial intelligence and cryptography, quantum computing is expected to positively impact the lives of billions of people worldwide. Forget days, months, and years—quantum computers can rapidly complete complicated tasks in milliseconds. For example, in July of 2023, Google's quantum system outperformed the world's fastest supercomputer when it instantly—and accurately—processed a series of complex calculations that would have taken its rival over 47 years to complete![1]Although it will take some time for quantum computing systems to become as ubiquitous as the laptops, smartphones, and tablets we use every day, Sebastian Weidt, chief executive of Brighton-based start-up Universal Quantum, foresees an exciting future in which quantum computers with thousands of quantum bits (qubits) "deliver value to society in a way that classical computers never will be able to."[2]&nbsp;According to McKinsey, 5,000 quantum computers will likely be operational by 2030, with wider availability of specialized hardware and software expected in 2035.[3] However, system designers can potentially speed this incremental timeline by interconnecting quantum processors to build large-scale, fault-tolerant machines powered by thousands of qubits.&nbsp;What are the advantages and challenges of interconnecting quantum processors, you might ask. Let’s take a closer look at current interconnectivity techniques and explore how quantum systems could be designed in the future.&nbsp;<h2 dir="ltr">Why Interconnect Quantum Processors?</h2>Classical—or conventional Von Neumann computing—utilizes bits stored as either zeros or ones. Unlike classical bits, which can be in one of two states (0 or 1), qubits exist simultaneously in a superposition of both states. This allows quantum computers to process many possibilities at once—a technique known as quantum parallelism. Moreover, qubits can be entangled, meaning the state of one qubit depends on the state of another to support highly coordinated computational processes.&nbsp;Although quantum systems are continuously evolving, most quantum processors currently pack only a limited number of qubits. Interconnecting multiple processors in a single quantum system significantly increases qubit counts while supporting access to crucial computational resources such as on-chip memory. Put simply, this approach allows quantum systems to calculate complex equations more quickly and efficiently for a broader range of practical, real-world applications.&nbsp;Interconnecting quantum processors also enables quantum engineers to increase system-wide fault tolerance and allocate additional qubits to support resource-intensive error correction schemes. The latter typically involves encoding a bit of quantum information into an ensemble of qubits that function as a single logical qubit.&nbsp;<h2 dir="ltr">Challenges in Quantum Interconnection</h2>Interconnecting quantum processors—and the qubits they contain—presents a distinct set of challenges for system designers that differ from those in classical computing. Some of the challenges include:&nbsp;<ul><li dir="ltr">Decoherence:&nbsp;Qubits can lose their quantum state due to interactions with other (system) qubits or the surrounding environment. While beneficial in many ways, interconnecting quantum processors and their qubits increases the chances of decoherence, which can be mitigated with advanced error correction schemes. Researchers at Google Quantum AI recently created a surface code scheme that effectively scales to support an error rate of approximately one in a million.[4]</li><li dir="ltr">Loss of fidelity: As quantum information is transferred between processors and qubits, there's a potential loss of fidelity, meaning the accuracy of information can degrade. Decreasing the critical current, Josephson capacitance, and gate capacitance are just some of the techniques quantum engineers use to maintain fidelity.[5]</li><li dir="ltr">Timing and synchronization: Quantum operations require precise timing for reliable and consistent calculations. Although delivering perfect synchronization across interconnected processors is difficult, researchers are improving clock synchronization reliability with different quantum entanglement techniques.[6]</li></ul><h2 dir="ltr">Current Solutions and Techniques</h2>Despite the challenges, system designers are successfully interconnecting processors and transferring data between quantum processors using various solutions and techniques.&nbsp;For example, photonic technology—including readily available optical switches, splitters, and fiber optic cables—enables quantum data to move seamlessly between processors. By converting the quantum state of a qubit to a photon, transferring the photon to another location, and then converting it back to a qubit state, quantum information can be transmitted between processors without a physical connection.System designers also use quantum repeaters to help maintain data fidelity between multiple processors. Similar in principle to classical repeaters that boost signal strength in traditional networks, quantum repeaters rely on advanced quantum entanglement techniques. According to the Argonne National Laboratory, entanglement swapping is currently the most effective method of transferring quantum information over long and lossy channels without losing or corrupting fragile quantum states.[7]Looking beyond quantum entanglement, a simpler technique called "UQConnect" uses electric field links to move data rapidly and precisely between quantum processors. Researchers at the University of Sussex say UQ Connect, which allows chips to slot together like a jigsaw puzzle to create a large-scale quantum computer, delivers a stable connection rate of 2424/s.[8]Lastly, microwave channels and interconnects are helping system designers link quantum processors and enable the transfer of various quantum states between qubits. However, more work needs to be done in this area, as propagating quantum microwave technology is around two decades behind quantum optics at visible and infrared wavelengths.<h2 dir="ltr">The Future of Quantum Interconnection</h2>As MIT's Bharath Kannan recently noted, the successful implementation of quantum interconnects marks a crucial step toward modular iterations of larger-scale machines built from smaller individual components.[9] To be sure, ensuring seamless communication between smaller subsystems will enable a more modular architecture for quantum processors, which Kannan describes as a "simpler way" of scaling to support larger system sizes.In the future, the need for large-scale quantum machines will only continue to grow, driving innovative new approaches to improve quantum interconnectivity significantly. For example, next-generation quantum systems could feature hybrid architectures that combine different types of qubits across multiple processors to achieve optimal performance. Concurrently, the number of qubits per processor is likely to scale from dozens and hundreds to tens of thousands. &nbsp;Although there are inherent challenges in maintaining fragile quantum states when transferring data between interconnected processors, recent technological advancements and new techniques are paving the way for large-scale quantum machines. The next decade promises exciting developments in this domain, bringing the semiconductor industry closer to designing powerful, interconnected quantum computers capable of solving many real-world problems beyond the reach of classical machines.<h2 dir="ltr">Amphenol SV Microwave Non-Magnetic RF Connectors &amp; Adapters: Revolutionizing Connectivity in Sensitive Environments</h2><img src="https://images.wevolver.com/eyJidWNrZXQiOiJ3ZXZvbHZlci1wcm9qZWN0LWltYWdlcyIsImtleSI6ImZyb2FsYS8xNzIyNDM4OTMxMjkxLWltYWdlMi5qcGciLCJlZGl0cyI6eyJyZXNpemUiOnsid2lkdGgiOjk1MCwiZml0IjoiY292ZXIifX19" style="width: 100%px;" class="fr-fic fr-dib" alt="amphenol-sv-microwave-non-magnetic-rf-connectors-adapters">Amphenol SV Microwave Non-Magnetic RF Connectors, designed for critical applications from medical to quantum computing, ensure pure signal integrity up to 65GHz.<a href="https://www.mouser.com/amphenol-non-magnetic-rf-connectors" target="_blank">Amphenol SV Microwave Non-Magnetic RF Connectors and Adapters</a> are engineered to deliver high performance in environments where magnetic interference is a concern. These connectors and adapters use non-magnetic materials and plating to ensure minimal magnetic susceptibility and no electric field distortion. Available in both threaded (SMA series) and blind-mate (SMPM series) configurations, they support frequencies up to 65GHz. They are particularly suited for critical applications in medical, aerospace, and quantum computing sectors where maintaining signal integrity is crucial.<h2 dir="ltr">Conclusion</h2>Interconnected quantum processors involve linking multiple quantum computing units to enhance collective performance. This approach can surpass current computational limits across a number of sectors, such as medicine and artificial intelligence. Despite facing significant challenges like quantum decoherence and synchronization issues, the potential for faster, more efficient computing could fundamentally extend our understanding of various scientific disciplines.This article was initially published in "<a href="https://resources.mouser.com/methods/engineering-the-quantum-future" target="_blank">METHODS: Engineering the Quantum Future</a>," an e-magazine by Mouser Electronics. It has been substantially edited by the Wevolver team and <a href="https://www.wevolver.com/profile/ravi.rao" target="_blank">Ravi Y Rao</a>. It's the fourth article in the Engineering the Quantum Future Series. Upcoming articles will introduce readers to more trends and technologies transforming quantum computing.<hr>The <a href="https://www.wevolver.com/article/engineering-the-quantum-future/" target="_blank">introductory article</a>&nbsp;explores the current state of quantum computing, highlighting its challenges and potentialThe <a href="https://www.wevolver.com/article/from-bits-to-qubits-an-introduction-to-quantum-computing/" target="_blank">first article</a>&nbsp;dives into the foundational concepts of quantum computing, covering its theoretical basis, technological evolution, and potential applicationsThe <a href="https://www.wevolver.com/article/breakthroughs-in-quantum-computing/" target="_blank">second article</a>&nbsp;takes a look at some transformative breakthroughs in quantum computingThe <a href="https://www.wevolver.com/article/quantum-computing-and-energy-optimization-a-future-beyond-moores-law/" target="_blank">third article</a>&nbsp;examines the role of quantum computing in enhancing energy efficiencyThe <a href="https://www.wevolver.com/article/the-quantum-web-interconnecting-quantum-processors-for-larger-scale-machines/" target="_blank">fourth article</a>&nbsp;explains quantum interconnectivity, detailing how linking quantum processors can amplify computing powerThe <a href="https://www.wevolver.com/article/the-quantum-threat-to-cybersecurity-and-the-quest-for-quantum-proof-encryption/" target="_blank">fifth article</a>&nbsp;addresses how the advancements in quantum capabilities pose significant challenges to traditional encryption methods and cybersecurityThe <a href="https://www.wevolver.com/article/technical-and-ethical-issues-in-quantum-computing-the-quantum-challenge/" target="_blank">sixth article</a>&nbsp;discusses the technical and ethical challenges of quantum computing as the technology progresses<hr><h2 dir="ltr">References</h2>[1] James Titcomb. “Supercomputer Makes Calculations in Blink of an Eye That Take Rivals 47 Years.” The Telegraph, July 2, 2023. <a href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/business/2023/07/02/google-quantum-computer-breakthrough-instant-calculations/" target="_blank">https://www.telegraph.co.uk/business/2023/07/02/google-quantum-computer-breakthrough-instant-calculations/</a>.[2] Universal Quantum. What we do [Internet]. Universal Quantum; Available from: <a href="https://universalquantum.com/what-we-do" target="_blank">https://universalquantum.com/what-we-do</a>[3] “What Is Quantum Computing?” McKinsey &amp; Company, May 1, 2023. <a href="https://www.mckinsey.com/featured-insights/mckinsey-explainers/what-is-quantum-computing" target="_blank">https://www.mckinsey.com/featured-insights/mckinsey-explainers/what-is-quantum-computing</a>[4] Physics World. Breakthrough in quantum error correction could lead to large-scale quantum computers [Internet]. Physics World; 2023 Mar 20. Available from: <a href="https://physicsworld.com/a/breakthrough-in-quantum-error-correction-could-lead-to-large-scale-quantum-computers/" target="_blank">https://physicsworld.com/a/breakthrough-in-quantum-error-correction-could-lead-to-large-scale-quantum-computers/</a>[5] Liang X-T, Xiong Y-J. The Loss of fidelity due to quantum leakage for Josephson charge qubits [Internet]. arXiv; 2004 July 6. Available from: <a href="https://arxiv.org/abs/quant-ph/0407027" target="_blank">https://arxiv.org/abs/quant-ph/0407027</a>[6] Shi J, Shen S. A clock synchronization method based on quantum entanglement. Sci Rep. 2022 Jun 17;12(10185). Available from: <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-022-14087-z" target="_blank">https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-022-14087-z</a>[7] Kevin Jackson. Quantum repeaters and their role in information technology, December 13, 2022. <a href="https://www.anl.gov/article/quantum-repeaters-and-their-role-in-information-technology" target="_blank">https://www.anl.gov/article/quantum-repeaters-and-their-role-in-information-technology</a>[8] M. Akhtar, F. Bonus, F. R. Lebrun-Gallagher, N. I. Johnson, M. Siegele-Brown, S. Hong, S. J. Hile, et al. "A High-Fidelity Quantum Matter-Link between Ion-Trap Microchip Modules." Nature Communications 14, 531 (2023). <a href="https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-022-35285-3" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-022-35285-3</a>.[9] Bharath Kannan, Aziza Almanakly, Youngkyu Sung, Agustin Di Paolo, David A. Rower, Jochen Braumüller, Alexander Melville, et al. "On-Demand Directional Microwave Photon Emission Using Waveguide Quantum Electrodynamics." Nature Physics 19 (2023): 394–400, <a href="https://doi.org/10.1038/s41567-022-01869-5" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1038/s41567-022-01869-5</a>.

A close-up view of a quantum computer chip

Article #4 of Engineering the Quantum Future Series: Interconnected quantum processors link multiple quantum units to enhance system-wide performance, enabling breakthroughs in computing speed and efficiency across diverse scientific fields.

The Quantum Web: Interconnecting Quantum Processors for Larger-Scale Machines

This is the third article in a six-part series featuring articles on "<a href="https://www.wevolver.com/article/engineering-the-quantum-future/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Engineering the Quantum Future</a>". The series explains the revolutionary advancements in quantum computing and their implications for various industries. Each article discusses a specific aspect of this transformative technology, from the fundamental concepts of quantum computing to the practical applications and challenges. This series is sponsored by Mouser Electronics. Through the sponsorship, Mouser Electronics promotes innovation and the exchange of knowledge, aiming to harness the revolutionary capabilities of quantum computing for a smarter and safer technological future.<h2 dir="ltr">Introduction</h2>In a world where the race to net-zero emissions is juxtaposed with the slowing cadence of Moore's law, quantum computing emerges as a ray of hope. While renewable energy sources like solar and wind power are making enormous strides, most of our energy still hinges on fossil fuels.&nbsp;This article examines the significant role quantum computing could have in enhancing energy efficiency and developing new technologies. We will cover its impact on improving solar cells and batteries and its ability to optimize energy use broadly. Expect a discussion on how quantum computing offers technological advancements and contributes to sustainable energy practices, along with an overview of the current challenges and potential applications within this innovative tech sector.<h2 dir="ltr">Quantum Computing Accelerating Developments in Sustainability</h2>The challenges of political dynamics, economic fluctuations, and the limitations of classical Von Neumann computing have often been roadblocks. However, the dawn of quantum systems promises a transformative shift. These systems have the potential not only to rejuvenate the waning Moore's law but also to revolutionize the way we harness and optimize energy. From developing efficient solar cells and batteries to optimizing energy consumption in homes and businesses, quantum computing is all set to play a key role in our journey toward a sustainable future.Harnessing the unparalleled power of quantum bits that can represent multiple states simultaneously, quantum systems offer a level of parallelism that conventional computers can only dream of. Thus, tasks like simulating molecular dynamics for advanced semiconductor processes or optimizing energy consumption across millions of endpoints can be achieved in mere milliseconds. As we delve deeper, we'll explore how quantum computing is not just an upgrade in computational power but a paradigm shift that can redefine our approach to energy optimization and sustainability.&nbsp;Let’s explore how quantum systems can help us build a greener, more sustainable future by supercharging a waning Moore's law and bringing in a new era of near-instantaneous computing.&nbsp;<h2 dir="ltr">Quantum Leaping Moore's Law</h2>For decades, the tech world rode the wave of Moore's law, witnessing a consistent doubling of transistors in microchips and a subsequent explosion of computing power roughly every two years. Yet, as we approach the boundaries of nanometer scaling and transition toward angstrom-level scaling, the once-steady rhythm of Moore's law shows signs of faltering. Enter quantum computing, which holds the potential to redefine these boundaries.&nbsp;In the twilight of Moore's law, quantum systems emerge as game changers. Sidestepping the constraints of traditional Von Neumann architectures, they promise to tackle intricate problems in moments—tasks that even today's supercomputers might need decades to resolve. At the heart of quantum systems lie quantum bits, or qubits. Unlike the binary bits of classical computers that represent either 0 or 1, qubits can simultaneously embody both values through superposition. This unique trait, coupled with the phenomenon of entanglement, unlocks unparalleled parallelism and opens doors to myriad applications.&nbsp;For example, with incredible computing power, quantum systems can help semiconductor fabrication plants run advanced algorithms that simulate and optimize molecular dynamics, nanoelectronics, and nanomaterials on the most advanced processes (i.e., lowest nanometer). Chip designers can also leverage quantum systems to achieve optimal power, performance, and area (PPA) while eliminating electrostatic discharge (ESD) and effectively dissipating excess heat.&nbsp;Hand in hand with quantum advancements, nanotechnology paves the way for precise crafting and control of qubits and their associated devices. From quantum dots and nanowires to nanophotonic circuits, the synergy promises unprecedented precision at the most intricate scales. Using ion implantation, scientists have already achieved one-qubit operation fidelity of up to 99.95 percent and two-qubit fidelity of 99.37 percent with a silicon-based three-qubit system comprising an electron and two phosphorus atoms.[1]<h2 dir="ltr">The Quantum-Energy Nexus: Why It Matters</h2>While still nascent, quantum technology's footprint is already evident across diverse scientific domains, from physics and chemistry to economics and communications. But its implications for energy optimization stand out, starting a new era of efficiency and innovation. Indeed, researchers at the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) and Atom Computing recently introduced an innovative open-source interface that enables quantum computers to interact with power grid infrastructure.[2]According to NREL engineer Sayonsom Chanda, conventional computers aren't designed to handle the exponential scale-up in parameters that the energy industry anticipates over the next two decades.&nbsp;Notes Chanda, "We’re talking millions of inputs and outputs. That’s when classical computers start showing their limits, and quantum computers their benefits."As Chanda explains, every electric vehicle, home appliance, and sensor represents a potential variable. While the interaction, coevolution, and optimization of these variables are far too complex for conventional systems to model accurately, quantum systems can quickly determine the outcome of even the most complicated scenarios in mere milliseconds.&nbsp;Given this backdrop, institutions like NREL anticipate quantum computing to be the key solution for energy sector conundrums. Whether it's swiftly parsing data from countless endpoints, hastening system recoveries post faults, or fortifying inter-device communications, the quantum realm holds the answers. Additional areas where quantum computing is likely to play a crucial role include the following:<ul><li dir="ltr">Simulations:&nbsp;The energy sector depends on complex simulations to develop new types of solar cells, wind generators, and geothermal equipment. Simulations also play a significant role in helping energy companies analyze geological data for oil, gas, and mineral exploration. Although conventional computers may take weeks or even months to run these simulations, quantum computers, with their incredible parallel processing capabilities, can reduce this time to seconds.</li><li>Smart grid management:&nbsp;Managing power grids across geographies has become more challenging with the rise of renewable energy sources, extreme weather, and peak usage overloads. Quantum computers can help intelligently optimize energy distribution in real-time, ensuring electricity is reliably delivered where and when it's needed most.&nbsp;</li></ul><img src="https://images.wevolver.com/eyJidWNrZXQiOiJ3ZXZvbHZlci1wcm9qZWN0LWltYWdlcyIsImtleSI6ImZyb2FsYS8xNzIyNDM3ODA0Mjc2LWltYWdlMi5qcGciLCJlZGl0cyI6eyJyZXNpemUiOnsid2lkdGgiOjk1MCwiZml0IjoiY292ZXIifX19" style="width: 100%px;" class="fr-fic fr-dib" alt="solar-grid">Smart grids of the future may leverage quantum computing to optimize energy distribution, ensuring efficient and reliable electricity delivery across varied geographical landscapes.<ul><li dir="ltr">Material discovery: Identifying new materials that efficiently store energy or conduct electricity with minimal loss is important for a sustainable and greener future. Quantum computers can speed up the discovery process by instantaneously analyzing the properties of countless materials.</li><li dir="ltr">Modeling catalytic reactions: Scientists have proposed converting CO2 into useful chemical products to mitigate greenhouse gas emissions. Although modeling CO2 interactions with large, complex structures such as nanoparticle catalysts is an extremely time-consuming process, quantum systems can precisely infer model reaction mechanisms in milliseconds.</li><li dir="ltr">Sensors: High-performance sensors are used extensively throughout the energy sector for applications such as pipeline integrity, greenhouse gas monitoring, resource discovery, and grid monitoring. One emerging application of quantum computational techniques is the optimization of sensing platforms.</li></ul><h2 dir="ltr">Navigating the Quantum Landscape: Challenges and Prospects</h2>Quantum computing, with its transformative potential, doesn't come without its challenges, especially when applied to the intricate field of energy optimization.To be sure, maintaining qubits in a state of superposition requires extremely low temperatures, often close to absolute zero. Error rates are also currently higher in quantum computations compared to classical ones. Moreover, building scalable quantum systems with interconnected processors that can outperform conventional computers in practical tasks (a point often referred to as "quantum supremacy") is still a work in progress.&nbsp; <img src="https://images.wevolver.com/eyJidWNrZXQiOiJ3ZXZvbHZlci1wcm9qZWN0LWltYWdlcyIsImtleSI6ImZyb2FsYS8xNzIzMjIxODMwNDkyLTUwMjUyOTQyNTIyX2Q1MWY2ZTZjMGJfay5qcGciLCJlZGl0cyI6eyJyZXNpemUiOnsid2lkdGgiOjk1MCwiZml0IjoiY292ZXIifX19" style="width: 100%px;" class="fr-fic fr-dib">Quantum computers require cooling to temperatures near absolute zero, crucial for maintaining the stability of qubits and enabling accurate quantum operations. Their golden appearance is due to the materials used in the construction of the dilution refrigerators, which are essential for achieving and maintaining these low temperatures. IBM Quantum System One (CES 2020) / source<a href="https://www.flickr.com/photos/ibm_research_zurich/50252942522/in/photolist-259cSVy-BQdkR9-qmk5LP-2gXtBc6-2h9m1yg-2gXtB8D-bxArJX-GGdJyp-RmgoS5-SrvZqe-RmgpA9-SotsYf-D1r1VN-CAC6Cu-sjVfC1-2e18V4e-23R2fqS-D3K7hF-22aMzXU-skqXf4-2kRqbZu-2jyFt2u-pBDsAH-2jHrEJR-GMYPvN-2mcZGGs-2m5EWgN-Sp2BiY-Gg6k1A-RDtabK-RDtahM-2jPWQrN-2kRpFVS-2m6JM8u-AZeohj-RDt9Zn-2fkcZ7A-RDta7r-RDtaeF-2kRq6pU-GG3pec-2mKrhmi-R1s5af-R1s6yN-R1s6dC-2mKAkR4-FKQbj4-2mK2RJE-24VJTSD-bxQShv/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">&nbsp;link</a> (CC BY-ND 2.0)Yet, the promise of quantum systems extends beyond mere computational prowess. Poised to redefine sectors from energy to medicine and finance, they herald a future where we transcend the confines of traditional computing, charting new horizons.<h2 dir="ltr">Amphenol Times Microwave Systems MaxGain®: Pioneering Flexibility in Microwave Coaxial Cables<img src="https://images.wevolver.com/eyJidWNrZXQiOiJ3ZXZvbHZlci1wcm9qZWN0LWltYWdlcyIsImtleSI6ImZyb2FsYS8xNzIyNDM3ODMzNzIzLWltYWdlMy5qcGciLCJlZGl0cyI6eyJyZXNpemUiOnsid2lkdGgiOjk1MCwiZml0IjoiY292ZXIifX19" style="width: 100%px;" class="fr-fic fr-dib" alt="amphenol-maxgain-flexible-microware-coaxial-cables">Amphenol's MaxGain® Flexible Microwave Coaxial Cables, offering exceptional flexibility and low loss up to 40GHz, cater to a range of demanding applications</h2><a href="https://www.mouser.com/amphenol-maxgain-coaxial-cables" target="_blank">Amphenol Times Microwave Systems' MaxGain®&nbsp;Flexible Microwave Coaxial Cables</a> are designed for optimal performance in environments requiring high flexibility and durability. Featuring stainless steel connectors and spiral outer conductor technology, these cables provide a low minimum bend radius and lightweight design. They offer a frequency range of DC to 40GHz, ensuring low insertion loss and excellent stability over flexure. Available in various precision interfaces such as Type N, TNC SMA, and more, MaxGain® is ideal for applications demanding low loss and consistent performance through repeated flexing.<h2 dir="ltr">Conclusion</h2>Quantum computing represents a significant leap in advancing energy efficiency and sustainability. This technology enables unprecedented calculations and optimizations in energy systems, from enhancing renewable energy technologies to improving grid management and material discovery. By harnessing quantum computing, we can accelerate our progress towards sustainable energy solutions, ensuring a future where energy is cleaner and more effectively managed and utilized.This article was initially published in "<a href="https://resources.mouser.com/methods/engineering-the-quantum-future" target="_blank">METHODS: Engineering the Quantum Future</a>," an e-magazine by Mouser Electronics. It has been substantially edited by the Wevolver team and <a href="https://www.wevolver.com/profile/ravi.rao" target="_blank">Ravi Y Rao</a>. It's the third article in the Engineering the Quantum Future Series. Upcoming articles will introduce readers to more trends and technologies transforming quantum computing.<hr>The <a href="https://www.wevolver.com/article/engineering-the-quantum-future/" target="_blank">introductory article</a>&nbsp;explores the current state of quantum computing, highlighting its challenges and potentialThe <a href="https://www.wevolver.com/article/from-bits-to-qubits-an-introduction-to-quantum-computing/" target="_blank">first article</a>&nbsp;dives into the foundational concepts of quantum computing, covering its theoretical basis, technological evolution, and potential applicationsThe <a href="https://www.wevolver.com/article/breakthroughs-in-quantum-computing/" target="_blank">second article</a>&nbsp;takes a look at some transformative breakthroughs in quantum computingThe <a href="https://www.wevolver.com/article/quantum-computing-and-energy-optimization-a-future-beyond-moores-law/" target="_blank">third article</a>&nbsp;examines the role of quantum computing in enhancing energy efficiencyThe <a href="https://www.wevolver.com/article/the-quantum-web-interconnecting-quantum-processors-for-larger-scale-machines/" target="_blank">fourth article</a>&nbsp;explains quantum interconnectivity, detailing how linking quantum processors can amplify computing powerThe <a href="https://www.wevolver.com/article/the-quantum-threat-to-cybersecurity-and-the-quest-for-quantum-proof-encryption/" target="_blank">fifth article</a>&nbsp;addresses how the advancements in quantum capabilities pose significant challenges to traditional encryption methods and cybersecurityThe <a href="https://www.wevolver.com/article/technical-and-ethical-issues-in-quantum-computing-the-quantum-challenge/" target="_blank">sixth article</a>&nbsp;discusses the technical and ethical challenges of quantum computing as the technology progresses<hr><h2 dir="ltr">References</h2>[1] M.T. Mądzik, S. Asaad, A. Youssry, et al. "Precision Tomography of a Three-Qubit Donor Quantum Processor in Silicon." Nature 601, 348–353 (2022). <a href="https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-021-04292-7" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-021-04292-7</a>[2] Connor O’Neil, “Quantum Computers Can Now Interface with Power Grid Equipment,” National Renewable Energy Laboratory, July 17, 2023, <a href="https://www.nrel.gov/news/program/2023/quantum-computers-can-now-interface-with-power-grid-equipment.html" target="_blank">https://www.nrel.gov/news/program/2023/quantum-computers-can-now-interface-with-power-grid-equipment.html</a>.

Article #3 of Engineering the Quantum Future Series: Quantum computing advances energy optimization by enabling real-time grid management, precise simulation, optimization of energy systems, and facilitating the integration of renewable sources.

Quantum Computing and Energy Optimization: A Future Beyond Moore's Law

Article #2 of Engineering the Quantum Future Series: Recent breakthroughs in quantum computing made substantial strides, driving closer to practical applications that could revolutionize industries by solving complex computational problems more efficiently.

Breakthroughs in Quantum Computing

Entanglement is a form of correlation between quantum objects, such as particles at the atomic scale. This uniquely quantum phenomenon cannot be explained by the laws of classical physics, yet it is one of the properties that explains the macroscopic behavior of quantum systems.Because entanglement is central to the way quantum systems work, understanding it better could give scientists a deeper sense of how information is stored and processed efficiently in such systems.Qubits, or quantum bits, are the building blocks of a quantum computer. However, it is extremely difficult to make specific entangled states in many-qubit systems, let alone investigate them. There are also a variety of entangled states, and telling them apart can be challenging.Now, MIT researchers have demonstrated a technique to efficiently generate entanglement among an array of superconducting qubits that exhibit a specific type of behavior.Over the past years, the researchers at the Engineering Quantum Systems (<a href="https://equs.mit.edu/" target="_blank">EQuS</a>) group have developed techniques using microwave technology to precisely control a quantum processor composed of superconducting circuits. In addition to these control techniques, the methods introduced in this work enable the processor to efficiently generate highly entangled states and shift those states from one type of entanglement to another — including between types that are more likely to support quantum speed-up and those that are not.“Here, we are demonstrating that we can utilize the emerging quantum processors as a tool to further our understanding of physics. While everything we did in this experiment was on a scale which can still be simulated on a classical computer, we have a good roadmap for scaling this technology and methodology beyond the reach of classical computing,” says Amir H. Karamlou ’18, MEng ’18, PhD ’23, the lead author of the paper.The senior author is William D. Oliver, the Henry Ellis Warren professor of electrical engineering and computer science and of physics, director of the Center for Quantum Engineering, leader of the EQuS group, and associate director of the Research Laboratory of Electronics. Karamlou and Oliver are joined by Research Scientist Jeff Grover, postdoc Ilan Rosen, and others in the departments of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science and of Physics at MIT, at MIT Lincoln Laboratory, and at Wellesley College and the University of Maryland. The&nbsp;<a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-024-07325-z" target="_blank">research appears today in&nbsp;Nature</a>.<h2>Assessing entanglement</h2>In a large quantum system comprising many interconnected qubits, one can think about entanglement as the amount of quantum information shared between a given subsystem of qubits and the rest of the larger system.The entanglement within a quantum system can be categorized as area-law or volume-law, based on how this shared information scales with the geometry of subsystems. In volume-law entanglement, the amount of entanglement between a subsystem of qubits and the rest of the system grows proportionally with the total size of the subsystem.On the other hand, area-law entanglement depends on how many shared connections exist between a subsystem of qubits and the larger system. As the subsystem expands, the amount of entanglement only grows along the boundary between the subsystem and the larger system.In theory, the formation of volume-law entanglement is related to what makes quantum computing so powerful.“While have not yet fully abstracted the role that entanglement plays in quantum algorithms, we do know that generating volume-law entanglement is a key ingredient to realizing a quantum advantage,” says Oliver.However, volume-law entanglement is also more complex than area-law entanglement and practically prohibitive at scale to simulate using a classical computer.“As you increase the complexity of your quantum system, it becomes increasingly difficult to simulate it with conventional computers. If I am trying to fully keep track of a system with 80 qubits, for instance, then I would need to store more information than what we have stored throughout the history of humanity,” Karamlou says.The researchers created a quantum processor and control protocol that enable them to efficiently generate and probe both types of entanglement.Their processor comprises superconducting circuits, which are used to engineer artificial atoms. The artificial atoms are utilized as qubits, which can be controlled and read out with high accuracy using microwave signals.The device used for this experiment contained 16 qubits, arranged in a two-dimensional grid. The researchers carefully tuned the processor so all 16 qubits have the same transition frequency. Then, they applied an additional microwave drive to all of the qubits simultaneously.If this microwave drive has the same frequency as the qubits, it generates quantum states that exhibit volume-law entanglement. However, as the microwave frequency increases or decreases, the qubits exhibit less volume-law entanglement, eventually crossing over to entangled states that increasingly follow an area-law scaling.<h2>Careful control</h2>“Our experiment is a tour de force of the capabilities of superconducting quantum processors. In one experiment, we operated the processor both as an analog simulation device, enabling us to efficiently prepare states with different entanglement structures, and as a digital computing device, needed to measure the ensuing entanglement scaling,” says Rosen.To enable that control, the team put years of work into carefully building up the infrastructure around the quantum processor.By demonstrating the crossover from volume-law to area-law entanglement, the researchers experimentally confirmed what theoretical studies had predicted. More importantly, this method can be used to determine whether the entanglement in a generic quantum processor is area-law or volume-law.“The MIT experiment underscores the distinction between area-law and volume-law entanglement in two-dimensional quantum simulations using superconducting qubits. This beautifully complements our work on entanglement Hamiltonian tomography with trapped ions in a&nbsp;<a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-023-06768-0" target="_blank">parallel publication</a> published in&nbsp;Nature in 2023,” says Peter Zoller, a professor of theoretical physics at the University of Innsbruck, who was not involved with this work.“Quantifying entanglement in large quantum systems is a challenging task for classical computers but a good example of where quantum simulation could help,” says Pedram Roushan of Google, who also was not involved in the study. “Using a 2D array of superconducting qubits, Karamlou and colleagues were able to measure entanglement entropy of various subsystems of various sizes. They measure the volume-law and area-law contributions to entropy, revealing crossover behavior as the system’s quantum state energy is tuned. It powerfully demonstrates the unique insights quantum simulators can offer.”In the future, scientists could utilize this technique to study the thermodynamic behavior of complex quantum systems, which is too complex to be studied using current analytical methods and practically prohibitive to simulate on even the world’s most powerful supercomputers.“The experiments we did in this work can be used to characterize or benchmark larger-scale quantum systems, and we may also learn something more about the nature of entanglement in these many-body systems,” says Karamlou.Additional co-authors of the study are<a target="_blank">&nbsp;</a>Sarah E. Muschinske, Cora N. Barrett, Agustin Di Paolo, Leon Ding, Patrick M. Harrington, Max Hays, Rabindra Das, David K. Kim, Bethany M. Niedzielski, Meghan Schuldt, Kyle Serniak, Mollie E. Schwartz, Jonilyn L. Yoder, Simon Gustavsson, and Yariv Yanay.

The advance offers a way to characterize a fundamental resource needed for quantum computing.

Scientists tune the entanglement structure in an array of qubits

You may be one of those waiting for the quantum computer, the arrival of which we have been told is imminent for several years. Already at this point, DTU Associate Professor Sven Karlsson begins to look a little strained, because among his partners are the two European companies AQT and IQM which produce and sell quantum computers.&ldquo;It&rsquo;s a common misconception that the quantum computer doesn&rsquo;t exist yet. It does already exist, so it&rsquo;s not something we need to wait for. However, the current quantum computers aren&rsquo;t yet all that large, which obviously limits how complicated the calculations can be, but they exist and are being used,&rdquo; says Sven Karlsson.One example is IBM&rsquo;s quantum computers, which anyone can access via the internet. In addition, there are quantum computers in scientific laboratories, in supercomputer centres, at universities, and so on&mdash;worldwide. These are also among the customers to which AQT and IQM sell their products.<h2>Mostly for experiments</h2>It has not yet been possible to build quantum computers with many quantum bits. Quantum bits are used to process the information in the computer, and a low number of quantum bits therefore limits the complexity of the calculations the quantum computer can perform. Sven Karlsson therefore characterizes the current use as primarily experimental, making it possible to play with and understand the technology.&ldquo;The technical level of the current quantum computers is somewhat similar to the first stage of our current computers. When they first appeared in the 1950s, there were only a limited number of them, and, back then, they couldn&rsquo;t make larger calculations than those any calculator can perform today.&rdquo;However, there are examples of calculations performed using a quantum computer. One of the calculations known to Sven Karlsson was done during the coronavirus pandemic. The Italian football league needed to know how best to schedule the matches so that the different football teams came into contact with each other as little as possible to reduce the risk of infection. Likewise, travel distances for the players had to be limited, as travel by air was banned.&ldquo;A quantum computer is well suited for calculations of this type that will take too long for an ordinary supercomputer. The quantum computer can examine many solutions simultaneously and is therefore more efficient at such calculations than a supercomputer,&rdquo; says Sven Karlsson.<h2>Connects to supercomputers</h2>Sven Karlsson and his colleagues&rsquo; collaboration with AQT and IQM includes developing the hardware and software needed to connect the quantum computer to supercomputers.&ldquo;The future quantum computers will initially largely be connected to the relatively few high-performance computing centres with supercomputers that exist worldwide. The centres have already built an infrastructure with the right competences to operate the quantum computers, and it also makes sense to invest in relation to the existing centres. Today, a quantum computer costs around DKK 150 million, so it&rsquo;s a relatively large investment,&rdquo; says Sven Karlsson.The quantum computer will not replace supercomputers. Instead, it will supplement them and be used for highly specific calculations. Nor will the quantum computer have its own user interface, but must be accessed via the supercomputers.<h2>Standardization</h2>As a result of the current budding production of quantum computers worldwide, large-scale standardization work is being initiated. It includes standards for all the hardware and software parts that make up a quantum computer. The hope is to prevent inexpediencies that we struggle with in other technological areas, such as only being able to use one charger type for our mobile phone.&ldquo;We would like to develop joint standards so that, throughout the world, we have the same understanding and use of the different components that make up a quantum computer. This must be done already at this early stage, so that we don&rsquo;t risk individual countries or parts of the world introducing different standards,&rdquo; says Sven Karlsson.Sven Karlsson leads a group of researchers and practitioners with in-depth experience with and knowledge of quantum computers, who will meet in the coming years to create recognized standards that can be used in future production.

Quantum computers are being manufactured and used. But they cannot yet make the large-scale calculations that are expected to be possible in the future.

The quantum computer exists, but is not all that powerful

The highly automated and connected vehicles of the future will require powerful computer systems that perform sophisticated calculations and process huge amounts of data.&nbsp;30 partners from industry and research are developing suitable processors, interfaces and system architectures in the CeCaS project.&nbsp;The Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) is involved with two institutes in the project coordinated by Infineon.&nbsp;The Federal Ministry of Research supports CeCaS within the MANNHEIM initiative.&nbsp;The next generations of vehicles will be increasingly automated and networked in order to move more and more autonomously on the road and gradually relieve drivers.&nbsp;This requires enormous computing power, which only the most powerful computer systems can provide - whether in the vehicles themselves, along the roads or in the higher-level data centers.&nbsp;In addition to internal communication systems connected to the outside world, the vehicles require a central computer.&nbsp;This, in turn, consists of sub-components that perform sophisticated calculations, process huge amounts of data and have to achieve maximum reliability.<h2>KIT and TUM have assumed scientific coordination</h2>&nbsp;In the CeCaS (stands for: CentralCarServer) research project, 30 partners from industry and research are working on the architectures, the software engineering principles and the forms of implementation for future high-performance computers in cars.&nbsp;Infineon Technologies AG is responsible for coordinating the overall project.&nbsp;The KIT with Professor J&uuml;rgen Becker, head of the Institute for Information Processing Technology (ITIV), and Professor J&ouml;rg Henkel, head of the research area Embedded Electronic Systems at the Institute for Technical Informatics (ITEC-CES), as well as the Technical University of Munich ( TUM) with Professor Alois Knoll, Head of the Chair for Robotics, Artificial Intelligence and Real-Time Systems (AIR).&nbsp;&quot;The development of energy- and cost-efficient high-performance computers with full automotive qualifications, which meet the enormous demands on computing power and complexity in a scalable manner, makes a decisive contribution to the future viability and technological sovereignty of the German automotive industry,&quot; says Becker.&nbsp;In CeCaS, automotive supercomputing is created that meets the highest standards of safety and reliability.&nbsp;The project consortium designs processors, interfaces and system architectures.&nbsp;A flexible software environment is tailored to the requirements of the latest algorithms in automobiles - especially, but not only, for the use of artificial intelligence (AI).<h2>Hardware accelerators enable highly effective image processing</h2>In CeCaS, the KIT has taken over the design of novel multi-purpose hardware accelerators for highly effective image processing including the integration of reliable AI in the automobile.&nbsp;The innovative accelerators are connected via high-speed interfaces and integrated into the high-performance processors.&nbsp;The researchers are particularly focusing on the AI components between the sensor nodes and the central computer.&nbsp;In addition, the KIT is working within CeCaS on new development tools for the analysis and compliance with real-time criteria as well as on comprehensive benchmarking software for evaluating the hardware accelerator.&nbsp;&quot;Progress in automotive technology is directly dependent on progress in computer technology and information technology - but above all on the ability of the automotive industry to use modern chip technologies for itself,&quot; explains Becker.&nbsp;&quot;CeCaS supports the German automotive industry in playing a leading role in global competition, even in the digital age.&quot;&nbsp;<h2>About CeCaS</h2>The Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF) is funding CeCaS in its MANNHEIM initiative, named after the birthplace of the automobile, with around 46 million euros.&nbsp;The total project volume is almost 90 million euros.&nbsp;CeCaS is scheduled for three years.The 30 cooperation partners of the MANNHEIM-CeCaS project are: Bosch, Continental Automotive, ZF Friedrichshafen, Hella, AVL Software &amp; Functions, Ambrosys, Infineon Technologies AG (coordination; with Infineon Technologies Dresden GmbH &amp; Co. KG and Infineon Technologies Semiconductor GmbH), core concept , Berlin Nanotest and Design, Missing Link Electronics, Inchron, Gl&uuml;ck Engineering, STTech, Steinbeis ZFW, Swissbit Germany, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) with the institutes ITIV and ITEC-CES, FZI Research Center for Information Technology, Technical University of Munich with the chairs AIR , LIS and SEC, Munich University of Applied Sciences, L&uuml;beck University, Chemnitz University of Technology, Fraunhofer ENAS, IMWS, IPMS and IZM.&nbsp;

Computer systems in future highly automated and networked cars must perform sophisticated calculations, process huge amounts of data and achieve maximum reliability. (Icon graphic: © kaptn – stock.adobe.com, KIT)

The CeCaS research project creates processors, interfaces and system architectures for highly automated networked vehicles - KIT develops hardware accelerators and benchmarking software

Supercomputers to Control Cars of the Future

This article was first published on&nbsp;<a href="https://news.mit.edu/2023/quantum-interconnects-photon-emission-0105" id="isPasted" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">MIT News</a>. &nbsp;<hr>Quantum computers hold the promise of performing certain tasks that are intractable even on the world&rsquo;s most powerful supercomputers. In the future, scientists anticipate using quantum computing to emulate materials systems, simulate quantum chemistry, and optimize hard tasks, with impacts potentially spanning finance to pharmaceuticals.However, realizing this promise requires resilient and extensible hardware. One challenge in building a large-scale&nbsp;<a href="https://news.mit.edu/2020/explained-quantum-engineering-1210" target="_blank">quantum computer</a> is that researchers must find an effective way to interconnect quantum information nodes &mdash; smaller-scale processing nodes separated across a computer chip. Because quantum computers are fundamentally different from classical computers, conventional techniques used to communicate electronic information do not directly translate to quantum devices. However, one requirement is certain: Whether via a classical or a quantum interconnect, the carried information must be transmitted and received.&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;To this end, MIT researchers have developed a quantum computing architecture that will enable extensible, high-fidelity communication between superconducting quantum processors. In&nbsp;<a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41567-022-01869-5" target="_blank">work published today</a> in&nbsp;Nature Physics, MIT researchers demonstrate step one, the deterministic emission of single photons &mdash; information carriers &mdash; in a user-specified direction. Their method ensures quantum information flows in the correct direction more than 96 percent of the time.Linking several of these modules enables a larger network of quantum processors that are interconnected with one another, no matter their physical separation on a computer chip.&ldquo;Quantum interconnects are a crucial step toward modular implementations of larger-scale machines built from smaller individual components,&rdquo; says Bharath Kannan PhD &rsquo;22, co-lead author of a research paper describing this technique.&ldquo;The ability to communicate between smaller subsystems will enable a modular architecture for quantum processors, and this may be a simpler way of scaling to larger system sizes compared to the brute-force approach of using a single large and complicated chip,&rdquo; Kannan adds.Kannan wrote the paper with co-lead author Aziza Almanakly, an electrical engineering and computer science graduate student in the Engineering Quantum Systems group of the Research Laboratory of Electronics (RLE) at MIT. The senior author is William D. Oliver, an MIT professor of electrical engineering and computer science and of physics, an MIT Lincoln Laboratory Fellow, director of the Center for Quantum Engineering, and associate director of RLE.<h2>Moving quantum information</h2>In a conventional classical computer, various components perform different functions, such as memory, computation, etc. Electronic information, encoded and stored as bits (which take the value of 1s or 0s), is shuttled between these components using interconnects, which are wires that move electrons around on a computer processor.But quantum information is more complex. Instead of only holding a value of 0 or 1, quantum information can also be both 0 and 1 simultaneously (a phenomenon known as superposition). Also, quantum information can be carried by particles of light, called photons. These added complexities make quantum information fragile, and it can&rsquo;t be transported simply using conventional protocols.A quantum network links processing nodes using photons that travel through special interconnects known as waveguides. A waveguide can either be unidirectional, and move a photon only to the left or to the right, or it can be bidirectional.Most existing architectures use unidirectional waveguides, which are easier to implement since the direction in which photons travel is easily established. But since each waveguide only moves photons in one direction, more waveguides become necessary as the quantum network expands, which makes this approach difficult to scale. In addition, unidirectional waveguides usually incorporate additional components to enforce the directionality, which introduces communication errors.&ldquo;We can get rid of these lossy components if we have a waveguide that can support propagation in both the left and right directions, and a means to choose the direction at will. This &lsquo;directional transmission&rsquo; is what we demonstrated, and it is the first step toward bidirectional communication with much higher fidelities,&rdquo; says Kannan.Using their architecture, multiple processing modules can be strung along one waveguide. A remarkable feature the architecture design is that the same module can be used as both a transmitter and a receiver, he says. And photons can be sent and captured by any two modules along a common waveguide.&ldquo;We have just one physical connection that can have any number of modules along the way. This is what makes it scalable. Having demonstrated directional photon emission from one module, we are now working on capturing that photon downstream at a second module,&rdquo; Almanakly adds.<h2>Leveraging quantum properties</h2>To accomplish this, the researchers built a module comprising four qubits.Qubits are the building blocks of quantum computers, and are used to store and process quantum information. But qubits can also be used as photon emitters. Adding energy to a qubit causes the qubit to become excited, and then when it de-excites, the qubit will emit the energy in the form of a photon.However, simply connecting one qubit to a waveguide does not ensure directionality. A single qubit emits a photon, but whether it travels to the left or to the right is completely random. To circumvent this problem, the researchers utilize two qubits and a property known as quantum interference to ensure the emitted photon travels in the correct direction.The technique involves preparing the two qubits in an entangled state of single excitation called a Bell state. This quantum-mechanical state comprises two aspects: the left qubit being excited and the right qubit being excited. Both aspects exist simultaneously, but which qubit is excited at a given time is unknown.When the qubits are in this entangled Bell state, the photon is effectively emitted to the waveguide at the two qubit locations simultaneously, and these two &ldquo;emission paths&rdquo; interfere with each other. Depending on the relative phase within the Bell state, the resulting photon emission must travel to the left or to the right. By preparing the Bell state with the correct phase, the researchers choose the direction in which the photon travels through the waveguide.They can use this same technique, but in reverse, to receive the photon at another module.&ldquo;The photon has a certain frequency, a certain energy, and you can prepare a module to receive it by tuning it to the same frequency. If they are not at the same frequency, then the photon will just pass by. It&rsquo;s analogous to tuning a radio to a particular station. If we choose the right radio frequency, we&rsquo;ll pick up the music transmitted at that frequency,&rdquo; Almanakly says.The researchers found that their technique achieved more than 96 percent fidelity &mdash; this means that if they intended to emit a photon to the right, 96 percent of the time it went to the right.Now that they have used this technique to effectively emit photons in a specific direction, the researchers want to connect multiple modules and use the process to emit and absorb photons. This would be a major step toward the development of a modular architecture that combines many smaller-scale processors into one larger-scale, and more powerful, quantum processor.&ldquo;The work demonstrates an on-demand quantum emitter, in which the interference of the emitted photon from an entangled state defines the direction, beautifully manifesting the power of waveguide quantum electrodynamics,&rdquo; says Yasunobu Nakamura, director of the RIKEN Center for Quantum Computing, who was not involved with this research. &ldquo;It can be used as a fully programmable quantum node that can emit/absorb/pass/store quantum information on a quantum network and as an interface for a bus connecting multiple quantum computer chips.&rdquo;<hr>&quot;Reprinted with permission of&nbsp;<a href="https://news.mit.edu/2023/quantum-interconnects-photon-emission-0105" id="isPasted" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">MIT News</a>&quot; &nbsp;

This image shows a module composed of superconducting qubits that can be used to directionally emit microwave photons. Image: Krantz NanoArt

Researchers have demonstrated directional photon emission, the first step toward extensible quantum interconnects.

New quantum computing architecture could be used to connect large-scale devices

DTU Campus Service at Ris&oslash; operates a server park with supercomputers covering 3,500 square metres. However, the energy does not simply vanish into thin air, but is converted into heat by means of a heat pump at Ris&oslash; Campus. &ldquo;It&rsquo;s possible to channel up to 600 kilowatts of waste heat from the IT equipment into the district heating network at Ris&oslash; Campus. This means that we are self-sufficient with heating four months of the year,&rdquo; says Esben H&oslash;jrup, Technical Project Manager at DTU Campus Service (CAS). For the rest of the year, the surplus energy contributes to a district heating corresponding to 19 percent of Ris&oslash; campus&#39; energy consumption in the same period.<h2>Low carbon footprint</h2>Despite rising electricity prices, it is still worthwhile to run the heat pump that recovers the surplus energy. This is shown by figures from DTU&rsquo;s latest green accounts. &ldquo;We get close to six times as much heat into the district heating network than the electricity consumed by the heat pump. This ratio&mdash;which is called the COP value&mdash;is really impressive,&rdquo; says Bjarke Nonb&oslash;l, Engineer at DTU Campus Service (CAS). Electricity emits more CO2 than district heating&mdash;approximately 2.7 times more per megawatt hour&mdash;but as the heat pump generates about six times more heat, the heat pump is the solution with the lowest carbon emission. &quot;The carbon emission is only 45 per cent of what it would have been with district heating from a utility company,&rdquo; says Bjarke Nonb&oslash;l.<h2>Intelligent control</h2>If electricity prices continue to skyrocket&mdash;or if we have periods of power shortages&mdash;it may be necessary to turn off the heat pump to save power. &ldquo;You can&rsquo;t say that the price of electricity must reach as much as, for example, ten Danish kroner on average before it&rsquo;s worthwhile to buy district heating from outside. The ratio between the electricity price and the district heating price determines whether it&rsquo;s still worthwhile to run the heat pump,&rdquo; says Bjarke Nonb&oslash;l. Therefore, CAS Ris&oslash; is working to develop a system that can monitor in real time whether operation of the heat pump is worthwhile. &ldquo;We regulate our heat production by using PLC&mdash;which is a programmable device&mdash;a small computer specially developed for automation and control of a process, also called &lsquo;process control&rsquo;. For example, opening and closing a valve, controlling temperatures, or controlling flow and pressure,&quot; says Esben H&oslash;jrup and continues:&quot;What we still need to do is to program the fluctuating electricity prices into the PLC environment.&nbsp;In this way, we can completely automatically control whether the heat pump is to supply heat to the campus, or whether we are to get the heat from the district heating company.&rdquo;<h2>Critical look</h2>CAS Ris&oslash; has long been working to reduce its carbon emissions by reducing its energy consumption. At a time when power has become expensive and will remain expensive for a long time to come, however, it raises the question of whether it is a luxury to choose to use power for heating.&ldquo;We have to consider the current prices and our power consumption. Power can be used for most purposes, while heat can primarily be used for heating in buildings. Therefore, we also need to take a critical look at how we can optimize our current heat recovery model using intelligent control,&rdquo; concludes Esben H&oslash;jrup.<img src="https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/wevolver-project-images/froala%2F1667560575661-Serverrum.jpg" style="width: 766px;" class="fr-fic fr-dib">In 2021, the server park contributed 2,525.5 [MWh] to DTU Ris&oslash; Campus&#39; district heating network, which makes a contribution of 19% of the total heat consumption.&nbsp;<img src="https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/wevolver-project-images/froala%2F1667560610087-Varmeroer-Risoe.jpg" style="width: 766px;" class="fr-fic fr-dib">DTU Ris&oslash; Campus is supplied with heat from the server park during the summer months.&nbsp;

With a heat pump connected to DTU's data center, engineers Esben Højrup and Bjarke Nonbøl from DTU Campus Service utilize waste heat from the cooling servers. The heat pump supplies heat to the district heating network on Risø Campus.

A project at DTU Risø Campus shows that heat recovery is the most sustainable and economical choice—even at a time of rising electricity prices.

Heat from supercomputers recycled at DTU

Charged atoms cannot escape from an ion trap, as they are confined by an electromagnetic field. A laser, radio waves or microwaves can then change the state of the charged atoms (ions) in a targeted way, so that they become qubits, the building blocks of quantum computers. The German Aerospace Center (Deutsches Zentrum f&uuml;r Luft- und Raumfahrt; DLR) has now awarded contracts for the advancement of ion trap technology. Prototype quantum computers will be created within four years as part of the <a href="https://www.dlr.de/content/en/dossiers/2021/quantum-computing.html" target="_blank" title="Quantum computing">DLR Quantum Computing Initiative</a>.&quot;DLR is awarding contracts for five projects as part of its Quantum Computing Initiative, with the aim of creating qubits based on ion traps. This technology is considered highly promising and will be explored through targeted research. This takes us one step closer to a programmable, fault-tolerant quantum computer,&quot; says Anke Kaysser-Pyzalla, Chair of the DLR Executive Board. &quot;Through the close cooperation of business and science, synergies are created that strengthen the quantum computing ecosystem and thus also provide start-ups with new opportunities.&quot;The contracts amount to a total of 208.5 million euros. The gradual development of the systems will take place in several phases. &quot;By the end of the projects, we will have quantum computers based on ion trap technology, with at least 50 qubits. At the same time, we are building modular systems that can be scaled up to thousands of qubits,&quot; says Robert Axmann, Head of the DLR Quantum Computing Initiative. &quot;The academic and economic environment at our innovation centres makes them ideal for continued development.&quot;In the future, companies and their employees will be able to make use of offices, laboratories and a clean room in the DLR Innovation Centre in <a href="https://www.dlr.de/content/en/sites/hamburg.html" target="_blank" title="Hamburg">Hamburg</a>. Here and in the DLR Innovation Centre in <a href="https://www.dlr.de/content/en/sites/ulm.html" target="_blank" title="Ulm">Ulm</a>, the companies will also benefit from the close proximity to the DLR institutes and working groups and from working together on the challenges of quantum computing.<img src="https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/wevolver-project-images/froala%2F1666879385110-vacuum-chamber-that-stores-ions.jpg" style="width: 766px;" class="fr-fic fr-dib">Vacuum chamber that stores ions. Credit: &copy;eleQtron GmbH<h2>Development work at the DLR Innovation Centre in Hamburg</h2>In a preliminary project, a consortium made up of <a href="https://www.nxp.com/company/about-nxp/worldwide-locations/germany:GERMANY" target="_blank" title="External link NXP Semiconductors Germany GmbH">NXP Semiconductors Germany</a> (Hamburg), <a href="https://www.eleqtron.com/" target="_blank" title="External link eleQtron GmbH">eleQtron</a> (Siegen) and <a href="https://parityqc.com/" target="_blank" title="External link Parity Quantum Computing Germany GmbH">Parity Quantum Computing Germany</a> (Munich) will provide a 10-qubit demonstration model, scheduled to start operation in late 2023. Users will be able to use this quantum computer to gain experience with ion trap systems and advance their development.Two projects involve building prototype quantum computers with at least 50 fully functional qubits on a chip. <a href="https://universalquantum.com/" target="_blank" title="External link Universal Quantum Deutschland GmbH">Universal Quantum Deutschland</a> (D&uuml;sseldorf) and the consortium of <a href="https://qudora.com/" target="_blank" title="External link QUDORA Technologies GmbH">Qudora Technologies</a> (Braunschweig) and NXP Semiconductors Germany (Hamburg) are each developing their own systems. The chip is scalable, which means that the number of qubits and computing power can be increased. Error susceptibility is considered to be one of the greatest challenges in quantum computing, so one area of focus is ensuring that the chip can correct faults.In two other projects, modular, scalable quantum computers are being developed on the basis of ion traps. This involves networking several chips to form a universal quantum computer architecture. The special thing about this is that each module is its own small quantum processor with 10 qubits each. This structure will later grow to comprise many chips with thousands of qubits. Universal Quantum Deutschland (D&uuml;sseldorf) and NXP Semiconductors Germany / eleQtron / Parity Quantum Computing Germany are developing these modular quantum computer prototypes on behalf of DLR.<h2>Ion trap qubits have a relatively long coherence time</h2>&quot;Ion trap systems allow universal arithmetic operations. They are not dedicated to solving specific tasks,&quot; explains Karla Loida, Project Manager for the Quantum Computing Initiative. &quot;Quantum computers based on ion traps have a number of advantages: the qubits are comparatively stable and offer superlative gate properties &ndash; a prerequisite for building high-quality quantum computers. Integration on microchips and innovative chip designs mean that scalability is now within reach.&quot; The technologies required for construction have now reached maturity. Laser systems can be used to provide the necessary cooling and targeted manipulation of qubits. Integration on microchips has also proven successful.The prototype quantum computers developed as part of the projects will be used in research and development at DLR and accessed via a network.<img src="https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/wevolver-project-images/froala%2F1666879415163-quantum-processor-using-ion-trap-technology.jpg" style="width: 766px;" class="fr-fic fr-dib">Quantum processor using ion trap technology. Credit: &copy;QUDORA Technologies GmbH<h2>The DLR Quantum Computing Initiative</h2>There are different concepts for the development of quantum computers. It is still unclear which concept will ultimately prevail. DLR is supporting various technology projects in tandem and bringing its own skills and areas of focus to bear on the research and development work involved. Over the next four years, prototype quantum computers with different architectures will be built and the associated technologies and applications developed as part of the <a href="https://www.dlr.de/content/en/dossiers/2021/quantum-computing.html" target="_blank" title="Quantum computing">Quantum Computing Initiative</a>. DLR is getting companies, start-ups and other research institutions involved so that all of the partners can make significant advances together. DLR has been granted funding for this purpose by the Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Climate Action (<a href="https://www.bmwk.de/Navigation/EN/Home/home.html" target="_blank" title="External link Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Climate Action - BMWK">BMWK</a>), enabling it to award large-scale contracts to companies through tenders.<h2>Rapid calculations with qubits</h2>Quantum computers are a key technology for the future: they can carry out calculations and simulations in specific areas of application much faster than conventional supercomputers. They can be used, for instance, in the transport and energy sector, but also in basic research or to operate satellites. Quantum computers work on the basis of quantum physics. Their quantum bits (qubits) can assume the states 0 and 1 at the same time &ndash; not just one after the other, like conventional computers. This in turn makes quantum computers extremely powerful. Several DLR institutes are already working with quantum technologies. Looking ahead, there is also a great need at DLR to conduct research on and with quantum computers.

Charged atoms cannot escape from an ion trap, as they are confined by an electromagnetic field. A laser, radio waves or microwaves can then change the state of the charged atoms (ions) in a targeted way, so that they become qubits, the building blocks of quantum computers.

Start-ups and companies are developing quantum computers based on ion traps

This article was first published on <a href="https://news.mit.edu/2022/physicists-discover-secret-sauce-behind-exotic-properties-new-quantum-material-0121" id="isPasted" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">MIT News</a>.<hr>MIT physicists and colleagues have discovered the “secret sauce” behind some of the exotic properties of a new quantum material that has transfixed physicists due to those properties, which include superconductivity. Although theorists had predicted the reason for the unusual properties of the material, known as a kagome metal, this is the first time that the phenomenon behind those properties has been observed in the laboratory.“The hope is that our new understanding of the electronic structure of a kagome metal will help us build a rich platform for discovering other quantum materials,” says Riccardo Comin, the Class of 1947 Career Development Associate Professor of Physics at MIT, whose group led the study. That, in turn, could lead to a new class of superconductors, new approaches to quantum computing, and other quantum technologies.The work is&nbsp;<a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41567-021-01451-5" target="_blank">reported</a> in the Jan. 13 online issue of the journal&nbsp;Nature Physics.Classical physics can be used to explain any number of phenomena that underlie our world — until things get exquisitely small. Subatomic particles like electrons and quarks behave differently, in ways that are still not fully understood. Enter quantum mechanics, the field that tries to explain their behavior and resulting effects.The kagome metal at the heart of the current work is a new quantum material, or one that manifests the exotic properties of quantum mechanics at a macroscopic scale. In 2018 Comin and Joseph Checkelsky, MIT’s Mitsui Career Development Associate Professor of Physics, led the first study on the electronic structure of kagome metals, spurring interest into this family of materials. Members of the kagome metal family are composed of layers of atoms arranged in repeating units similar to a Star of David or sheriff’s badge. The pattern is also common in Japanese culture, particularly as a basket-weaving motif.“This new family of materials has attracted a lot of attention as a rich new playground for quantum matter that can exhibit exotic properties such as unconventional superconductivity, nematicity, and charge-density waves,” says Comin.Unusual propertiesSuperconductivity and hints of charge density wave order in the new family of kagome metals studied by Comin and colleagues were discovered in the laboratory of Professor Stephen Wilson at the University of California at Santa Barbara, where single crystals were also synthesized (Wilson is a coauthor of the&nbsp;Nature Physics&nbsp;paper). The specific kagome material explored in the current work is made of only three elements (cesium, vanadium, and antimony) and has the chemical formula CsV3Sb5.The researchers focused on two of the exotic properties that a kagome metal shows when cooled below room temperatures. At those temperatures, electrons in the material begin to exhibit collective behavior. “They talk to each other, as opposed to moving independently,” says Comin.One of the resulting properties is superconductivity, which allows a material to conduct electricity extremely efficiently. In a regular metal, electrons behave much like people dancing individually in a room. In a kagome superconductor, when the material is cooled to 3 kelvins (about -454 degrees Fahrenheit) the electrons begin to move in pairs, like couples at a dance. “And all these pairs are moving in unison, as if they were part of a quantum choreography,” says Comin.At 100 K, the kagome material studied by Comin and collaborators exhibits yet another strange kind of behavior known as charge density waves. In this case, the electrons arrange themselves in the shape of ripples, much like those in a sand dune. “They’re not going anywhere; they’re stuck in place,” Comin says. A peak in the ripple represents a region that is rich in electrons. A valley is electron-poor. “Charge density waves are very different from a superconductor, but they’re still a state of matter where the electrons have to arrange in a collective, highly organized fashion. They form, again, a choreography, but they’re not dancing anymore. Now they form a static pattern.”Comin notes that kagome metals are of great interest to physicists in part because they can exhibit both superconductivity and charge density waves. “These two exotic phenomena are often in competition with one another, therefore it is unusual for a material to host both of them.”<h2>The secret sauce?</h2>But what is behind the emergence of these two properties? “What causes the electrons to start talking to each other, to start influencing each other? That is the key question,” says first author Mingu Kang, a graduate student in the MIT Department of Physics also affiliated with the Max Planck POSTECH Korea Research Initiative. That’s what the physicists report in&nbsp;Nature Physics. “By exploring the electronic structure of this new material, we discovered that the electrons exhibit an intriguing behavior known as an electronic singularity,” Kang says. This particular singularity is named for Léon&nbsp;van Hove, the Belgian physicist who first discovered it.The van Hove singularity involves the relationship between the electrons’ energy and velocity. Normally, the energy of a particle in motion is proportional to its velocity squared. “It’s a fundamental pillar of classical physics that [essentially] means the greater the velocity, the greater the energy,” says Comin. Imagine a Red Sox pitcher hitting you with a fast ball. Then imagine a kid trying to do the same. The pitcher’s ball would hurt a lot more than the kid’s, which has less energy.What the Comin team found is that in a kagome metal, this rule doesn’t hold anymore. Instead, electrons traveling with different velocities happen to all have the same energy. The result is that the pitcher’s fast ball would have the same physical effect as the kid’s. “It’s very counterintuitive,” Comin says. He noted that relating the energy to the velocity of electrons in a solid is challenging and requires special instruments at two international synchrotron research facilities: Beamline 4A1 of the Pohang Light Source and Beamline 7.0.2 (MAESTRO) of the Advanced Light Source at Lawrence Berkeley National Lab.Comments Professor Ronny Thomale of the Universität Würzburg (Germany): "Theoretical physicists&nbsp;(including my group)&nbsp;have predicted&nbsp;the&nbsp;peculiar nature of van Hove singularities on the kagome lattice, a crystal structure made of corner-sharing triangles.&nbsp;Riccardo Comin has now provided the first experimental verification of these theoretical suggestions." Thomale was not involved in the work.When many electrons exist at once with the same energy in a material, they are known to interact much more strongly. As a result of these interactions, the electrons can pair up and become superconducting, or otherwise form charge density waves. “The presence of a van Hove singularity in a material that has both makes perfect sense as the common source for these exotic phenomena” adds Kang. “Therefore, the presence of this singularity is the ‘secret sauce’ that enables the quantum behavior of kagome metals.”The team’s new understanding of the relationship between energy and velocities in the kagome material “is also important because it will enable us to establish new design principles for the development of new quantum materials,” Comin says. Further, “we now know how to find this singularity in other systems.”<h2>Direct feedback</h2>When physicists are analyzing data, most of the time that data must be processed before a clear trend is seen. The kagome system, however, “gave us direct feedback on what’s happening,” says Comin. “The best part of this study was being able to see the singularity right there in the raw data.”Additional authors of the Nature Physics paper are Shiang Fang of Rutgers University; Jeung-Kyu Kim, Jonggyu Yoo, and Jae-Hoon Park of Max Planck POSTECH/Korea Research Initiative and Pohang University of Science and Technology (Korea); Brenden Ortiz of the University of California, Santa Barbara; Jimin Kim of the Institute for Basic Science (Korea); Giorgio Sangiovanni of the Universität Würzburg (Germany); Domenico Di Sante of the University of Bologna (Italy) and the Flatiron Institute; Byeong-Gyu Park of Pohang Light Source (Korea); Sae Hee Ryu, Chris Jozwiak, Aaron Bostwick and Eli Rotenberg of Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory; and Efthimios Kaxiras of Harvard University.<hr>"Reprinted with permission of <a href="https://news.mit.edu/2022/physicists-discover-secret-sauce-behind-exotic-properties-new-quantum-material-0121" id="isPasted" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">MIT News</a>"

A visualization of the zero-energy electronic states — also known as a "Fermi surface" — from the kagome material studied by MIT’s Riccardo Comin and colleagues Credits: Image courtesy of the Comin Laboratory.